The role of some plant extracts such as scran and nerium, malathion and the mixture of them in protecting wheat seed from storage insects (Sitophilus oryzae L.,) and keeping its quality during storage is demonstrated. The objective of this study was to determine the effect plant extracts, malathion and the mixture of them on protecting seed of some wheat varieties (Sakha 93,Gemmiza 10 and Giza 168) from storage insects (Sitophilus oryzae L.,) as well as its effects on seed quality and insect infestation during different storage periods (0, 6 and 18 months). The main results revealed that: Treating rice weevils with the recommended dose of malathion resulted 100% mortality, meanwhile treating rice weevils with (half dose of malathion+ scran or nerium ethanol extract) increased mortality percentage more than scran, nerium extracts or half dose of malathion. Extend storage period after treatment for 6 and 18 months increased gradually insect infestation and seed dry weight loss and decreased germination percentage, seed and seedlings vigour and carbohydrate percentage, meanwhile seed protein percentage increased with prolong the storage period. Seeds of wheat variety 168 were the least in insect infestation and seed dry loss percentages comparing varieties Gemmiza 10 and Sakha 93. Treating wheat seed with the recommended dose of malathion or mixed with plant extracts or half dose mixed with plant extracts maintains high seed quality comparing the untreated seed. Generally, seeds of wheat varieties (Giza 168, Sakha 93 and Gemmiza 10) could be store for 18 months with maintain good quality seed by treating with malathion (recommended dose) or half dose mixed with nerium or scran extracts.

Harvesting date and storage period has considerable influence on wheat seed quality as measured by germination ability under favorable and stress conditions and seedling vigor as well. Tow field experiments were conducted at Tag El-Eiz Experiment Station, Agriculture Research Center during 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 seasons, while storage studies and viability tests were conducted at Giza seed Technology Lab. under common conditions from June 2006 till December 2008.The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of three harvesting dates i.e, 60, 70 and 80 days after 50% heading and four storage periods i. e. 0, 6, 12 and 18 months on wheat seed quality. The results revealed that early harvesting (60 days after 50% heading) reduced seed germinablity under optimal and stress conditions, seedling vigor and seed electrical conductivity. Meanwhile, seed harvested after 70 and 80 days after 50% heading had high viability so that the differences in quality measurements were insignificant. The results revealed also that prolonging storage periods cause deterioration in seed quality and it was more obvious in earlier harvested seeds and those had high moisture content. Moreover, the variation in seed moisture content at harvesting time and during storage was related with the degree of seed deterioration. A combination of quality traits or lab. Testes are more useful than evaluation of one trait by single test. The results suggested harvesting wheat seeds (c.v. Giza 168) after 70 days from mentoring 50% heading or with about 14 % moisture content and storage for 12 month under open-air storage in order to have seed germination above the standard of wheat certified seed (85%).

Accelerated ageing test is considered a reliable viability routine test of official seed inspection in most countries of the world, despite its importance; it hasn't been used in Egypt yet. The international Seed Testing Association (ISTA) standardized this test for many species excepting for faba bean. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to determine the ideal test conditions including the relative humidity (75% and 100%), temperature degrees (39, 42 and 45°C) and time of exposure (3, 4 and 5 days), to which the seeds are undergo in the incubator, then assessing the physiological quality of faba bean seed under laboratory and field conditions. The results indicated that increasing the relative humidity up to 100% and temperature to 45°C and exposure period for 5 days increased seed moisture content and reduce the capability of seed to germinate and produce normal seedling under laboratory and field conditions, reduce seedling length and increase the mean germination time. The results indicated also that the correlation coefficient for the relationship between laboratory germination and field emergence was positive and highly significant (R=0.948) when the seeds were aged at RH 75%, while it was negative and significant (R=-0.921) at RH 100% regardless of other aging conditions. Obviously, the accelerated aging test could be a practical and an accurate determinant of faba bean seed quality under laboratory or field conditions provided that the relative humidity is 75% and the temperature is between 39-42°C for 3-5days.

Insecticides; Malathion, Vertimek, Chloropyrifos, Deltanete, Ekatin and Bifenthrin and two oils; Jojoba oil and Royal-oil at the recommended rates of application were evaluated for controlling the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) infesting Chrysanthemum indicum L. cv. White wonder growing in pots under plastic greenhouse conditions in 2012 and 2013. Treatments were applied 2 times in 2012 and 3 times in 2013 seasons to induce a perfect control of the aphids and protect the plants for longer periods. Vertimek was the most effective insecticide, recording the highest reduction percentages in 2012 after 35 days and in 2013 after 41 days post-initial application (98.71 and 97.7%, respectively). In 2012, Jojoba oil was the least tested aphicides recording reduction percentages 91.5% after 35 days of application while in 2013 Royal oil was the least one representing with reduction percentages 90.1% after 41 days. All compounds were differed significantly than control and not exhibited any phytotoxicity on leaves and flowering blooms.