The requirements of high quality factor, low power consumption, easy design techniques and compatibility with the main standard fabrication processes of integrated circuits (IC) make the tunable piezoelectric resonators a suitable option for the new technologies of fifth generation of telecommunication (5G) and Internet of Things (IoT). In this work the nonlinear state equations for piezoelectric effect are presented. From these equations we may deduce which materials can be used in applications where a hysteresis behavior or resonance frequency tunability are required, additionally, it is shown which crystals have the nonlinear tensor’s symmetry compatible with each application field. A novel model for the tunable piezoelectric devices is shown taking into account the consequences of voltage tuning. Finally, three different ways to design and implement the nonlinear behavior of piezoelectric materials to tune devices are introduced.

Nonlinear piezoelectric materials are raised as a great replacement for devices that require low power consumption, high sensitivity, and accurate transduction, fitting with the demanding requirements of new technologies such as the Fifth-Generation of telecommunications (5G), the Internet of Things (IoT), and modern radio frequency (RF) applications. In this work, the state equations that correctly predict the nonlinear piezoelectric phenomena observed experimentally are presented. Furthermore, we developed a fast methodology to implement the state equations in the main FEM simulation software, allowing an easy design and characterization of this type of device, as the symmetry structures for high-order tensors are shown and explained. The operation regime of each high-order tensor is discussed and connected with the main nonlinear phenomena reported in the literature. Finally, to demonstrate our theoretical deductions, we used the experimental measurements, which presented the nonlinear effects, which were reproduced through simulations, obtaining maximum percent errors for the effective elasticity constants, relative effective permittivity, and resonance frequencies of 0.79%, 2.9%, and 0.3%, respectively, giving a proof of the potential of the nonlinear state equations presented for the unifying of all nonlinear phenomena observed in the piezoelectric devices.

No abstract

No abstract

The linear behavior of piezoelectric materials is well known from a century ago, but also, the non-linear behavior for these material have found a novel way of applications. Currently, the new technologies as the fifth generation of telecommunications (5G) and Internet of Things (IoT) are demanding high requirements for the performance of the devices operating under these technologies e.g. high quality factor, high thermal efficiency and device fabrication compatibility with the standard fabrication processes for integrated circuits as CMOS, FD-SOI and FinFET. In this work, the non-linear state equations for piezoelectric effect in stress- charge formulation, the transformations laws and the high order tensors structures are presented, in order to allow an easy way to implement it on FEM simulation software. The non-linear behavior of piezoelectric materials is discussed, and taking into account the analysis done in this work, three ways to implement nonlinear effects to design tunable piezoelectric devices for 5G and IoT applications are presented.