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The objectives of this study were to verify the influence of a short-duration training session on proximal and distal adjustments at the onset of goal-directed reaching and to verify whether these adjustments change in specificity with the body position trained. Twenty-four infants aged 3-4 months were assessed in supine and reclined during pre and posttraining conditions. During the interval (4 min), 8 infants received reaching training in supine, 8 infants received reaching training in reclined, and 8 infants received no training. The frequencies of reaches, unimanual reaches and reaches with semiopen and oblique hand increased in the posttraining condition for all infants except control infants. Infants trained in the reclined position increased the frequencies of variables in the reclined position. Infants trained in the supine position increased the frequencies of variables in both positions. Few minutes of reaching training are effective to facilitate reaching behavior in infants at the onset of reaching. The effects are specific to the body position trained. As the training in supine requires higher torque to initiate reaching movements, it is more effective to facilitate reaches in both supine and reclined positions.

Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) non motor symptoms may present early in the disease course and worsen with advancing disease. Respiratory changes can affect individuals to remain physically active, contributing to a reductionof functionality and quality of life. Objective: The aim of this systematic review is to synthesize evidence of respiratory disorders in patients with PD. Methods: An electronic search was performed up to November 2020 on PubMed-MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, Lilacs, Cinahl, and Cochrane using the following keyword combination: [(“Parkinson disease”) AND (“respiratory function tests” OR “evaluation”) AND (“respiratory system” OR “respiration disorders” OR “respiratory muscles”)]. Results: The electronic search resulted in 601 references in English or Portuguese. The selection process and data extraction were made by two independent reviewers. We selected 19 studies including cross-sectional studies that investigated the respiratory disorders in patients with PD through pulmonary function, respiratory muscle strength, or physical capacity evaluation. We excluded studies that considered patients with other diseases. Eighteen studies evaluated the pulmonary function in patients with PD, eleven studies verified the influence of PD on respiratory muscle strength, and three studies assessed the physical capacity through functional tests. Conclusion: The evidence showed that PD patients have higher chances to present a pulmonary dysfunction, either obstructive or restrictive, when compared to healthy subjects. In addition, these patients present lower respiratory muscle strength and a consequent decrease in physical capacity in endurance exercises. The respiratory impairment in PD seems to be directly related to the progression of the disease.

Resumo: Introdução: Acidentes vasculares encefálicos (AVE) podem gerar déficits motor, sensorial e cognitivo, repercutindo no desempenho do indivíduo nas atividades cotidianas. Alteração em qualquer área cognitiva afeta o engajamento ocupacional do indivíduo. Objetivo: Avaliar a capacidade cognitiva e funcional em pacientes acometidos de AVE, mostrando a importância da avaliação cognitiva para a intervenção do terapeuta ocupacional. Método: Estudo comparativo de delineamento transversal com amostra de 44 indivíduos entre 30 e 80 anos, de ambos os sexos. Os sujeitos foram distribuídos em três grupos: grupo Adulto: 11 indivíduos acometidos por AVE, com idade entre 30 e 59 anos; grupo Idoso: 10 indivíduos acometidos por AVE, com idade entre 60 e 80 anos; grupo Controle: 23 indivíduos normais, com idade entre 30 e 80 anos. Testes avaliados: MEEM, teste do relógio, teste das trilhas A e B e da capacidade funcional (BOMFAQ). Resultados: Alterações cognitivas foram identificadas nos grupos Adulto e Idoso. O grupo Adulto mostrou pior desempenho no teste do relógio quando comparado ao grupo Controle. Os grupos Adulto e Idoso foram piores no desempenho do teste trilha A (atenção). Ao utilizarem-se números absolutos do teste trilha B (atenção visual, habilidade grafomotora e flexibilidade mental), não houve diferença significativa nos grupos Adulto e Idoso em relação ao grupo Controle. O grupo Adulto apresentou maior prevalência de comprometimento moderado/grave na realização das atividades cotidianas. Conclusão: Indivíduos acometidos de AVE, na grande maioria, além de apresentarem comprometimento da capacidade funcional apresentam alterações cognitivas que repercutem de modo negativo na realização das tarefas cotidianas, sejam elas ocupacionais, de lazer ou de autocuidado. Verificou-se a necessidade da avaliação cognitiva para melhor direcionamento da reabilitação e melhora na qualidade de vida. Palavras-chave: Acidente Vascular Encefálico, Cognição, Funcionalidade, Terapia Ocupacional. Abstract: Introduction: Stroke (CVA) can generate motor, sensory and cognitive development deficits, affecting the individual's performance in daily activities. Changes in any cognitive area can affect the individual's occupational engagement. Objective: To evaluate the cognitive and functional capacity in patients suffering from stroke, showing the importance of cognitive assessment for occupational therapy intervention. Method: A comparative study with cross-sectional sampling of 44 subjects aged 30-80 years, both sexes. The subjects were divided in three groups: Adult: 11 individuals affected by stroke, 30-59 years old; Elderly: 10 individuals affected by stroke, 60-80 years old; Control: 23 normal subjects, 30-80 years old. Tests applied: MMSE, Clock Test, Test of tracks A and B, and functional capacity (BOMFAQ). Results: Cognitive changes were identified in the Adult and Elderly groups. The Adult group showed poorer performance on the Clock test (visuospatial and executive functions) compared with the Control group. The Adult and Elder...

Background Individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD), in addition to motor impairment, may evolve with respiratory and autonomic nervous system disorders. Currently, there are few studies with emphasis on muscle and pulmonary dysfunction and that verify the benefits of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) in this population. Aim The aim of this study was to evaluate whether IMT is effective for the improvement of respiratory muscle strength, lung function, thoracic mobility, functional capacity and cardiac autonomic function in PD. Methods A randomized and controlled trial will be conducted with 26 participants with idiopathic PD, with aged between 50 and 65 years, in the Stages I to III by the Modified Hoehn and Yahr Scale. Respiratory muscle strength will be performed by manovacuometry and lung function by spirometry. Functional capacity will be evaluated by the 6‐min walk test and autonomic cardiac function by heart rate variability. In addition, thoracic mobility measurement will also be performed. After the evaluations, these participants will be randomly assigned to two groups: the IMT group with Powerbreathe®, which will perform the eight series of 2 min each, with 1 min of rest between them, totaling 30 min, at 60% of the maximum inspiratory pressure and the control group, who will perform the same training protocol but with the load maintained at 9 cmH2O. All participants will be submitted to the same motor training protocol. Conclusion It is expected that IMT increases the inspiratory muscle strength, contributing to the improved expiratory muscle strength, lung function, thoracic mobility, functional capacity and cardiac autonomic function in individuals with mild to moderate PD.