[1] NO flux measurements by the eddy covariance technique were performed within a tropical rain forest 1 m and 11 m above the forest floor. A fast-response chemiluminescence NO analyzer with a sampling tube of 25 m length was used for the gas measurements. Nighttime similarity between the cospectra of sensible heat and the NO flux offered the possibility to quantify the high-frequency attenuation of the NO eddy covariance by spectral analysis. Integrated flux correction factors of about 21% for the system at 1 m and 5% for the one at 11 m above ground were calculated by transfer functions adopted from the literature and confirmed experimentally. For an independent validation the results of the eddy covariance system were compared with the NO soil emissions obtained by dynamic chambers. For nighttime averages, good agreement within 10% was found. The obtained NO fluxes were 3.5 Ϯ 0.14 and 4.8 Ϯ 0.39 ng N m Ϫ2 s Ϫ1for the two investigated periods at 1 and 11 m heights, respectively. During the day, chemical reaction with ozone entrained from aloft reduced the fraction of the soil-emitted NO that reached the measuring height of the eddy covariance system. The average flux showed a reduction of 48% at 1 m and 92% at 11 m height compared to the corresponding soil emission measured by the chamber system.

[1] Trace gas exchange of NO 2 and O 3 at the soil surface of the primary rain forest in Reserva Biológica Jarú (Rondônia, Brazil) was investigated by chamber and gradient methods. The ground resistance to NO 2 and O 3 deposition to soil was quantified for dry and wet surface conditions using dynamic chambers and was found to be fairly constant at 340 ± 110 and 190 ± 70 s m À1 , respectively. For clear-sky conditions, the thermal stratification of the air in the first meter from the forest floor was stable during daytime and unstable during nighttime. The aerodynamic resistance to NO 2 and O 3 deposition to the ground in the first meter above the forest floor was determined by measurements of 220 Rn and CO 2 concentration gradients and CO 2 surface fluxes. The aerodynamic resistance of the 1-m layer above the ground was 1700 s m À1 during daytime and 600 s m À1 during nighttime. The deposition flux of O 3 and NO 2 was quantified for clear-sky conditions from the measured concentrations and the quantified resistances. For both trace gases, deposition to the soil was generally observed. The O 3 deposition flux to the soil was only significantly different from zero during daytime. The maximum of À1.2 nmol m À2 s À1 was observed at about 1800 and the mean daytime flux was À0.5 nmol m À2 s À1 . The mean NO 2 deposition flux during daytime was À1.6 ng N m À2 s À1 and during nighttime À2.2 ng N m À2 s À1 . The NO x budget at the soil surface yielded net emission day and night. The NO 2 deposition flux was 74% of the soil NO emission flux during nighttime and 34% during daytime. The plant uptake of NO 2 and O 3 by the leaves of Laetia corymbulosa and Pouteria glomerata, two typical plant species for the Amazon rain forest, was investigated in a greenhouse in Oldenburg (Germany) using branch cuvettes. The uptake of O 3 was found to be completely under stomatal control. The uptake of NO 2 was also controlled by the stomatal resistance but an additional mesophyll resistance of the same order of magnitude as the stomatal resistance was necessary to explain the observed uptake rate.

[1] During September and October 1999, dynamic chamber measurements were carried out to determine nitric oxide (NO) fluxes from a primary forest soil and an old pasture in the Brazilian Amazon basin as part of the project ''European Studies of Trace Gases and Atmospheric Chemistry as a Contribution to the Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia'' (LBA-EUSTACH). In addition, soil samples were collected from these two sites, and laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the NO production and consumption rate constants as functions of soil temperature and soil moisture. These laboratory results were converted into NO fluxes using a simple algorithm, which required additional information on the gas diffusion in soil, the soil bulk density, and the field conditions (soil temperature and soil moisture). Over the entire measurement period, the calculated and measured NO fluxes agreed well both for the forest (6.9 ± 2.9 and 5.0 ± 4.6 ng m À2 s À1 , respectively) and for the pasture (0.67 ± 0.09 and 0.65 ± 0.37 ng m À2 s À1 , respectively). Forest to pasture conversion decreased NO production and gas diffusion and resulted in smaller NO fluxes from pasture than forest soil.