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An important question in some voting rights and redistricting litigation in the U.S. is whether and to what degree voting is racially polarized. In the setting of voting rights cases, there is a family of methods called "ecological inference" (see especially King, 1997) that uses observed data, pairing voting outcomes with demographic information for each precinct in a given polity, to infer voting patterns for each demographic group.

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This article analyses some legal aspects of the complex world of public service law. These aspects concern the cutting edge of labour law, EU law, administrative and constitutional law. The current legal status of officials is no longer regulated (or fully regulated) by the sovereignty of the EU- Member States. The national sovereignty of the Member States to retain a specific status for their officials is put under pressure by the EU-regulations and the case law of the ECJ and even also by case law of the ECHR.