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The antibacterial potential of centric marine diatoms has been compared against the clinical pathogens and identified the potential diatom by rbcL gene sequencing. Totally, five diatoms namely Odontella aurita, Thalassiosira subtilis, Chaetoceros curvisetus, Skeletonema costatum and Coscinodiscus centralis were isolated from Cuddalore coastal waters. The diatoms were morphologically identified and isolated using micro capillary-pipette and serial dilution method. The isolated diatoms were cultured in Guillard's f/2 medium to get biomass for the antibacterial study. The dried biomass of the cultured diatoms was individually extracted with methanol, ethanol and hexane. All the obtained extracts were tested against Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Proteus vulgarius and Vibrio alginolyticus. The crude ethanol extract of O. aurita was exhibited highest zone of inhibition against all the test pathogens. The MIC of O. aurita was recorded as 50 μg/ml against both Staphylococcus haemolyticus and Proteus vulgarius whilst 75 μg/ml against Vibrio alginolyticus. This study indicates that O. aurita possesses antibacterial activities but the release of antibiotics depends on physical or chemical rupture of algal cells and extractive solvents. Based on the maximum antibacterial activity, O. aurita was further identified by rbcL gene sequencing. The rbcL gene could be an identical region for the species level identification of diatoms.

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Feminism is one of the growing concepts in today's world. Feminism is increasing in literary field. Women are expressing their needs and rights in writing and speech with a sense of liberation, with the intention of changing the social restrictions and attitudes that oppresses women. A woman is the mother of knowledge, the heart full of grace and who showers love. The woman who had all these characteristics faced many problems. Women's liberation became emotional and that everyone was touched by that feeling. Among them Bharatiyar, Bharathidasan, Kavimani Desiya Vinayagam Pillai, Periyar, Anna, Pudumaippittan and poet Gnanakoothan tended to create rising norms for women's emancipation and women's social progress. Poet Gnanakkuthan, who was a pioneer of Puthukavithai, worked to process the ideas of women's progress. He used his poetry as a weapon. In this way, his poems were in a simple manner and reached everyone. In order to sum up his positive views, this article examines the ability of Gnanakoothan to express the suppression of women in all positions of the society by highlighting feminism, grief due to female birth, women's lack of education, dowry violence, mockery, sexual violence etc. in his poems.

Background: Pain is defined as an unpleasant feeling caused by intense or damaging stimuli. Amorphophallus paeoniifolius known as “Elephant foot yam” is a highly potential tropical tuber crop of Araceae family. The tubers are used as antihaemorrhoidal, haemostatic, expectorant, appetizer, anthelmintic, aphrodisiac and rejuvenating agent. Diclofenac, a COX inhibitor is used as analgesic widely. Analgesic activity of alcoholic extract of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius has been proved in previous animal studies.Methods: Swiss Albino mice of either sex (20-30g) were procured from the central animal house of KFMS&R, Coimbatore. Animals were maintained under controlled temperature and light conditions with food and water ad libitum. Mice were kept in the department to get acclimatized. 24 mice were divided into 4 groups (n=6). Drugs were given orally after 12 hours of fasting. Group I was the control received normal saline, Group II received standard-diclofenac (25mg/kg). Group III and Group IV received aqueous extract of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg respectively.Results: The latency period of Group IV (aqueous extract of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius 400mg/kg) was significant (p<0.01) compared to Group I (controls) and Group II (standard) was significant (p<0.001) when compared to Group IV (aqueous extract of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius 400mg/kg) by hot plate method. In acetic acid induced writhing when compared to control, the percentage inhibition of aqueous extract of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius was 43.65% at 200mg/kg, 46.09% at 400mg/kg and that of the standard was 54.39%.Conclusions: It was concluded that aqueous extract of Amorphophallus paeoniifolius has analgesic activity due to peripheral and central inhibition of prostaglandins synthesis. The extract may have phytoconstituents which inhibit COX enzyme peripherally or act on central opioid receptors(µreceptors) for producing analgesia. It can be used as an add-on drug there by reducing side effects by conventional analgesics.