A cadherin-like gene associated with larval midgut tissues was cloned from western corn rootworm ( Diabrotica virgifera virgifera : Coleoptera), an economically important agricultural pest in North America and Europe and the primary target pest species for corn hybrids expressing Cry3 toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). The full-length cDNA (5371 bp in length) encodes an open reading frame for a 1688 amino acid polypeptide. The putative protein has similar architecture to cadherin-like proteins isolated from lepidopteran midguts that have been shown to bind to Cry1 Bt toxins and have been implicated in Bt resistance. The D. v. virgifera cadherin-like gene is expressed primarily in the larval midgut and regulated during development, with high levels of expression observed in all instars and adults but not pupae. The corresponding genomic sequence spans more than 90 kb and is interspersed with 30 large introns. The genomic organization of the cadherin-like gene for this coleopteran species bears strong resemblance to lepidopteran cadherins suggesting a common molecular basis for susceptibility to Cry3 toxins in Coleoptera.

Crystal (Cry) proteins derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) have been widely used as a method of insect pest management for several decades. In recent years, a transgenic corn expressing the Cry3Bb1 toxin has been successfully used for protection against corn rootworm larvae (genus Diabrotica). The biological action of the Bt toxin in corn rootworms has not yet been clearly defined. Because development of resistance to Bt by corn rootworms will have huge economic and ecological costs, insight into larval response to Bt toxin is highly desirable. We identified 19 unique transcripts that are differentially expressed in D. virgifera virgifera larvae reared on corn transgenic for Cry3Bb1. Putative identities of these genes were consistent with impacts on metabolism and development. Analysis of highly modulated transcripts resulted in the characterization of genes coding for a member of a cysteine-rich secretory protein family and a glutamine-rich membrane protein. A third gene that was isolated encodes a nondescript 132 amino acid protein while a fourth highly modulated transcript could not be further characterized. Expression patterns of these four genes were strikingly different between susceptible and resistant western corn rootworm populations. These genes may provide useful targets for monitoring of Bt exposure patterns and resistance development in pest and non-target insect populations.

Response of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) to co-inoculation with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae strains as a plant growth promoting and Pseudomonas fluorescens with half recommended doses of NPK was studied. Rhizobium strain RL-12612 showed significantly increased in Indole acetic acid (IAA) produced in complete and minimal medium supplemented with tryptophan in relation to bacterial strains. Whereas, PF-23932 showed significantly increased in IAA produced in minimal medium supplemented with tryptophan. A field experiment was conducted at Tag El-Ezz Research Station, Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt during two seasons 2014 to 2015. Co-inoculation with rhizobium strains and Pseudomonas fluorescens PF-23932 improved nodulation parameters during two seasons above the uninoculated plants. All treatments showed significant increase in root dry weight at 60 days plant-old above uninoculated plants during two seasons. Whereas, all treatments appeared significant increase in plant height in 2014 season. The result revealed high significant increase in the number of pods per plant in both seasons when the plants inoculated with RL-12612 strain and co-inoculated rhizobium strains with Pseudomonas fluorescens PF-23932 above uninoculated plants at 150 days-old among two seasons. RL-207 and co-inoculation with Pseudomonas fluorescens PF-23932 play an important role to improve chlorophyll b at 60 days plant-old among first seasons. All treatments appeared significant increase in NPK content at 60 days plant-old above uninoculated plants among two seasons except potassium content in second season .

Poultry industry in Egypt was subjected to various problems one of them was the early chick mortalities that cause great economic losses and its investigation is the request of many poultry scientists and men. In poultry staphylococci, including Staphylococcus aureus are known to cause various diseases from acute septicemia to chronic osteomyelitis. Two hundred and sixty samples of chickens, ducks and turkeys were collected from different poultry farms. A survey on Staphylococcal infection among chickens, ducks and turkeys was carried out. It was found that out of 260 infected and dead chickens, ducks and turkeys suspected to be infected with Staphylococcosis, 54 cases (20.76%) revealed Staphylococcus micro-organisms. The isolated strains were typed as: Staphylococcus aureus (74.07%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (14.8 %) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus (11%). The results of sensitivity biogram revealed that S. aureus were highly sensitive to Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Ciprofloxacine, Enrofloxacine and lincomycin and resistant to Erythromycin, Streptomycine and Chloramphenicol. The results of MIC of 6 representative coagulase positive Staphylococci isolates against 6 selected antibiotics commonly used in poultry farms showed that 100% of isolates were sensitive to amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and oxytetracyclin, while 100% of 6 isolates were resistant to streptomycin and lincomycin. The incidence of isolation of Staphylococci from the internal organs of examined birds and from unabsorbed yolk sac, joints, liver, intestinal content and heart blood was 36.3%, 20%, 19.2%, 17.3% and 16.9% respectively. Ten of each detected isolates were examined by cPCR for resistance genes blaZ and aac(6') aph (2''). The isolates harbored these resistance genes with percentage of 100% for S. aureus. In experiment, the pathogenicity of the isolated strains of S. aureus for 7 day-old chicks was studied. S. aureus injected subcutaneously, oral and intranasal caused death of 100%, 100% and 26.7% of the used chicks respectively.