Latin with the admixture of numerous Greek and Latin medical terms'. This statement needs to be qualified by adding that it was ordinary mediaeval Latin. The Latin language had evolved over the centuries and by the time that it had become the lingua franca of medicine in the later Middle Ages there were a number of grammatical and stylistic changes from classical Latin, certainly as the latter was taught in British schools 50 years ago. In 1997 I was completely unable to achieve even a tolerable translation of a passage from the Statuta Vetera (1601) of the College of Physicians, so sent it to my son's fiancée who was reading for a master's degree in mediaeval history at Oxford. She too was stumped and gave it to her tutor who, having agreed that it was indeed a difficult passage, set it in an examination! Subsequently I discovered an English translation from 1637 which was considerably more elegant than that provided by the tutor.

33BACKGROUND: 34 Urinary Tract Infections are usually treated with empirical therapy by physicians based on 35 previous knowledge of predictability of causative agents and their antimicrobial susceptibilities. 36 OBJECTIVE:37The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of various pathogens causing urinary 38 tract infections and their antimicrobial susceptibility in patients presenting in out-patient 39 department of a tertiary care hospital. 40 MATERIALS AND METHODS: 41 This descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in Out-Patient department of Urology of 42 Benazir Bhutto Hospital during a period of 6 months from ethical approval from institutional research forum of Rawalpindi Medical University. 1000 44 patients (12 years old or above) that were clinically suspected for urinary tract infections were 45 included in this study. Patients with co-morbidities like diabetes mellitus, renal pathologies, 46Immunodeficiency disorders, malignancies and congenital urogenital disorders were also 47 excluded. Recipients of corticosteroid therapy or with a history of intake of broad spectrum 48 antibiotics in previous 15 days were also excluded. Modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method 49 was used for determining the antimicrobial resistance against various antimicrobials. 50 RESULTS:51

Richard Motley's response assumes that, like supply, the demand for surgery is finite. This is clearly not the case. Despite a large increase in the number of surgeons, and a commensurate increase in the number of operations carried out in England over the past three decades, waiting lists have altered little. The phenomenon of the amount of supply being a key determinant of the level of demand can also be seen in comparisons with the US, where much higher provision of services results in surgical rates approximately twice those in the UK. This is why current 309

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