Introduction. Ultrasonography (US) is one of the most wide-spread methods of diagnostic because this examination is simple and non-invasive. But it has several limitations such as non-reproducibility, operator-dependance and mixing of data obtaining (manual US examination) and data analyzing. Use of robotic systems for sonography is a perspective technological method which can potentially solve these limitations. Automated ultrasound breast scanning is one of the prime examples of robotic systems’ application. The aim of our article is to review solutions for ultrasonography robotization. Materials and methods. The research was conducted on Pubmed database. Results. In this article we present examples of different types of robots and robotic systems for ultrasound examination with description of their features and applications. Here we present our analysis of results that were obtained during research, robots’ classifications, fields of use and perspectives of application. Conclusion. Use of robots for ultrasound examination is perspective for decrease of sonographers’ burden, separation of data obtaining and data analyzing. It also provides changing of the workflow of ultrasound examinations making them more effective and less operator-dependent.

Introduction. Pathology plays an essential and important role in diagnostic and choosing patients’ management strategies. The aim of our analytical article is to review opportunities of digital technologies applying to pathology with a focus on converges with clinical disciplines. Materials and methods. The search was conducted on Medline and Pubmed database and websites of laboratory equipment developers. Results. The emergence of a new direction – ‘digital pathology’, underlines a high interest of professional society in this theme. Nowadays there are enough solutions for each part of pathological workflow which provides development of fully digitalized pathological laboratories. In this article we present opportunities and perspectives of business-process organization from statements of objectives for pathologist, tissue collection, laboratory study to multidisciplinary analysis for further patients’ management based on opportunities of information technologies. Conclusion. Digital pathology is a transfer of all pathological routine workflow on digital platform which allows to unite efforts of clinicians, pathologists, public health organizers and patients. Separated blocks, which should constitute a united digital pathological platform, already exist and effort and time are required for full consolidation of all stages of pathological research.

Литогенный процесс развивается незаметно. Было предложено несколько маркеров для выявления активации литогенного процесса. В данном обзоре мы проанализировали опубликованные данные о принципах действия этих диагностических тестов и описали 6 групп маркеров литогенной активности: 1) концентрация в моче камнеобразующих и ингибирующих ионов, а также производные от них соотношения, индексы и степени перенасыщения камнеобразующими соединениями; 2) макромолекулы и другие молекулы-маркеры, определяемые в моче; 3) физические свойства мочи; 4) маркеры крови; 5) маркеры, определяемые инструментальными методами; 6) тесты индуцированной кристаллизации мочи. Самыми перспективными и наиболее успешными маркерами литогенной активности являются тесты индуцированной кристаллизации мочи, которые могут применяться для выявления периодов повышенной литогенной активности, что может дать возможность предотвратить камнеобразование за счет своевременного усиления терапии. Наличие доступного и удобного маркера литогенной активности, применяемого регулярно в системе дистанционного мониторинга, позволит реализовать персонализированную программу предотвращения рецидивов мочекаменной болезни.

Introduction. Nowadays digital pathology is an actively developing area. The basis for changing specialty to digital pathology is a Whole slide imaging method which allows to transfer histological slides into digital form. Significant workload on pathologists and insufficient equipment of pathological states require to change the way pathologists work and to implement new technologies which would allow to optimize and facilitate a work with pathological materials. The aim of this paper is to review solutions for scanning pathomorphological materials available on international and Russian markets and scopes of application of these solutions. Materials and methods. The search was conducted on Pubmed database. The search of information about microscopes-scanners was made on sites of developers including open sources in these sites and FDA site. Results. The application of slide scanning and microscopes for WSI was overviewed, the scopes of application and limitations of digital technologies in medicine were described. Based on literature review a classification of devices used for microslides scanning was made. The first type of devices is microscopes-scanners. They are closed systems for microscopy where cameras and lenses are located inside the device and slides scanning is carried out on high speed with capacity for 400 slides in one load. These microscopes are the most widespread ones nowadays. The second type is microscopes that are similar in shape and size to usual light microscopes. Openness of such system provides using different types of microscopy but the capacity of slides is less than in previous mentioned devices. Nevertheless, these specifications allow to use such microscopes in small laboratories including using in scientific research. Among compact microscopes with the sizes similar to a smartphone some models have a high availability due to printing their parts via 3D printers. But these microscopes are used only for visualization of structures where high magnification isn’t needed. This can limit application of this microscopes type in pathology. The fourth type is an optical microscope with attached details that can transform it to a microscope-scanner. Attached details can be printed via 3D printers and thus their using has a great potential in digital pathology since it significantly reduces the price of the device. In addition, based on this type of microscopes the devices scanning all types of slides can be made and therefore they can be used in all laboratories. Conclusion. Our literature review has shown ample opportunities for application of WSI in pathomorphological microslides scanning. Telepathology is an evolving area of telemedicine which creates a need for developing of new technologies.

Introduction. The use of wearable hardware and software systems to control bladder filling is considered one of the most important technologies for remote monitoring in patients with neurogenic urinary disorders. Materials and methods. A search, analysis and systematization of literature was carried out in the PubMed, e-library and Google Scholar databases using the keywords  neurogenic urination disorders ,  neurogenic bladder ,  ultrasound diagnostics ,  ultrasound examination ,  monitoring ,  monitoring  – total 211 sources, from which 46 were selected for writing the article. Theses and their abstracts, as well as conference abstracts were excluded from the analysis. Results. Ultrasound monitoring and bioimpedansometry, or a combination of both, allows for a non-invasive assessment of bladder volume, and the use of modern technologies, such as wireless communications and smartphone applications, allows the patient to maximize the individualization of the bladder emptying rhythm. Complicating moments in the use of these technologies are the conservatism of doctors, patient compliance, the lack of methodological developments and recommendations for the use of these monitoring technologies. Discussion. The monitoring of bladder filling allows to avoid unnecessary catheterizations reducing the risk of urinary tract infections. Also it allows forming a wake-up reflex in a child with enuresis when he or she feels an urge to urinate. These technologies are currently considered experimental. Additional research is required before introducing them into clinical practice. Conclusions. The use of wearable hardware and software systems for monitoring bladder filling and special applications in smartphones in patients with neurogenic urinary disorders is an important step in finding solutions for each individual patient. Clinical monitoring studies are needed in routine urological practice.