ResumoAtualmente mais de 79% das argilas bentoníticas industrializadas são oriundas das jazidas de Boa Vista, PB. Estes jazimentos vêm sendo minerados de forma desordenada há mais de 40 anos, resultando no esgotamento das variedades mais nobres, havendo sério prejuízo para qualidade do produto final. As empresas mineradoras impõem rígidas condições de comercialização para os produtores, condicionando a aquisição das variedades menos nobres junto às variedades que ainda apresentam propriedades mais adequadas e frequentemente as variedades menos nobres são descartadas no processo produtivo. Este trabalho teve o objetivo otimizar as propriedades reológicas das novas ocorrências de argilas bentoníticas do estado da Paraíba, utilizando a técnica de planejamento experimental de misturas, a fim de adequá-las às exigências da Petrobras e da indústria nacional. As argilas utilizadas foram provenientes dos municípios de Olivedos e Boa Vista, PB. As amostras de argilas foram misturadas utilizando a técnica mencionada e caracterizadas física, química, térmica e mineralogicamente. Após caracterização as argilas foram transformadas em sódicas e foram determinadas suas propriedades reológicas para uso em perfuração de poços de petróleo de acordo com a norma da Petrobras. As variáveis respostas, viscosidade aparente, viscosidade plástica e volume de filtrado, foram avaliadas mediante análises das superfícies de respostas. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram que as argilas estudadas são promissoras para usos em fluidos de perfuração. Observaram-se ainda melhoras significativas de suas reologias após mistura com as argilas de Boa Vista, PB. Palavras-chave: fluidos de perfuração, argilas bentoníticas, propriedades reológicas, planejamento experimental. Abstract Currently over 79% of industrialized bentonite clays in Brazil come from Boa Vista, PB. These bentonite deposits have been mined disorderly for over 40 years, resulting in the depletion of the noblest varieties, with serious damage to the final product quality. Mining companies impose strict marketing conditions for producers, conditioning the purchase of the less noble varieties with the varieties that still have more suitable properties, and often the less noble varieties are discarded in the production process. This work aimed to optimize the rheological properties of new occurrences of bentonite clays from Paraíba State using the experimental design technique of mixtures in order to adapt them to the requirements of Petrobras and national industry. The clays used in this study
ResumoRecentemente foram descobertos novos depósitos de argilas esmectíticas no estado da Paraíba, localizados nos municípios de Cubati, Olivedos, Sossego e Pedra Lavrada. Estudos preliminares evidenciaram que estes depósitos apresentam na sua composição mineralógica elevados teores de minerais acessórios como mica, sílica livre e carbonatos. A presença desses minerais restringe em muito o uso industrial, sendo necessários estudos sobre tratamento dessas argilas para redução desses contaminantes. Estudos recentes mostraram que o uso do hidrociclone é uma alternativa viável por requerer um baixo investimento de instalação e manutenção, sendo amplamente utilizado na indústria mineral. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar as variáveis de processo do hidrociclone para tratamento de argilas esmectíticas de um novo depósito do estado da Paraíba. A argila esmectítica antes e após hidrociclonagem foi caracterizada física, química e mineralogicamente, pelas seguintes técnicas: análise granulométrica por difração a laser, difração de raios X, análise química por fluorescência de raios X e análise térmica. A argila foi dispersa na concentração de 4% e com defloculante hexametafosfato de sódio sob agitação por 24 h. As variáveis de processo utilizadas no hidrociclone foram: pressão, aberturas do vortex e apex. Os resultados conduziram a um aumento do concentrado da fração argila, redução do diâmetro médio equivalente das partículas e redução dos minerais acessórios. Palavras-chave: variáveis de processo, hidrociclone, argilas esmectitícas. Abstract Recently
Over the past few years, considerable research has been conducted using the techniques of mixture delineation and statistical modeling. Through this methodology, applications in various technological fields have been found/optimized, especially in clay technology, leading to greater efficiency and reliability. This work studied the influence of carboxymethylcellulose on the rheological and filtration properties of bentonite dispersions to be applied in water-based drilling fluids using experimental planning and statistical analysis for clay mixtures. The dispersions were prepared according to Petrobras standard EP-1EP-00011-A, which deals with the testing of water-based drilling fluid viscosifiers for oil prospecting. The clay mixtures were transformed into sodic compounds, and carboxymethylcellulose additives of high and low molar mass were added, in order to improve their rheology and filtrate volume. Experimental planning and statistical analysis were used to verify the effect. The regression models were calculated for the relation between the compositions and the following rheological properties: apparent viscosity, plastic viscosity, and filtrate volume. The significance and validity of the models were confirmed. The results showed that the 3D response surfaces of the compositions with high molecular weight carboxymethylcellulose added were the ones that most contributed to the rise in apparent viscosity and plastic viscosity, and that those with low molecular weight were the ones that most helped in the reduction of the filtrate volume. Another important observation is that the experimental planning and statistical analysis can be used as an important auxiliary tool to optimize the rheological properties and filtrate volume of bentonite clay dispersions for use in drilling fluids when carboxymethylcellulose is added.
Bentonite clays are materials composed by one or more smectite clay minerals and some accessory minerals, mainly quartz, cristobalite, mica, feldspars and other clay minerals such as kaolinite. These contaminants present in clays have a large distribution of particle sizes which severely restrict their industrial applications, with the use of hydrocyclone as a likely solution for their reduction. This study aims to analyze the treatment of smectite clays from the state of Paraíba using modeling, simulation and optimization of the variable average particle diameter in relation to various process variables related to the hydrocyclone. In this study, the average diameter of smectite clays was evaluated as a function of the factors: pressure, apex diameter and vortex diameter of the hydrocyclone. Complete factorial design and addition in the central points were used to model the hydrocycloning process. The results evidenced reduction in equivalent average particle size of approximately 19.2%. Regarding the simulations, the optimum point with the lowest value was found for the average diameter of 4.033 µm, with a pressure of 4.3 bar, apex opening of 5.3 mm, and vortex opening of 6.3 mm, all at a 95% confidence level.
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