Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) plays an important role to quantify, understand and "observe" the water movements around the human body and its effects on drag (D). We aimed to investigate the flow effects around the swimmer and to compare the drag and drag coefficient (CD) values obtained from experiments (using cable velocimetry in a swimming pool) with those of CFD simulations for the two ventral gliding positions assumed during the breaststroke underwater cycle (with shoulders flexed and upper limbs extended above the head-GP1; with shoulders in neutral position and upper limbs extended along the trunk-GP2). Six well-trained breaststroke male swimmers (with reasonable homogeneity of body characteristics) participated in the experimental tests; afterwards a 3D swimmer model was created to fit within the limits of the sample body size profile. The standard k-ε turbulent model was used to simulate the fluid flow around the swimmer model. Velocity ranged from 1.30 to 1.70 m/s for GP1 and 1.10 to 1.50 m/s for GP2. Values found for GP1 and GP2 were lower for CFD than experimental ones. Nevertheless, both CFD and experimental drag/drag coefficient values displayed a tendency to jointly increase/decrease with velocity, except for GP2 CD where CFD and experimental values display opposite tendencies. Results suggest that CFD values obtained by single model approaches should be considered with caution due to small body shape and dimension differences to real swimmers. For better accuracy of CFD studies, realistic individual 3D models of swimmers are required, and specific kinematics respected.
RESUMOA investigação da força propulsiva produzida pela mão e antebraço dos nadadores tem-se baseado em testes experimentais. No entanto, existem algumas dúvidas sobre a precisão e fiabilidade destes cálculos. Este estudo teve dois objectivos: i) dar continuidade ao uso da Dinâmica Computacional de Fluidos (DCF) como uma nova metodologia de investigação na Natação; ii) aplicar a DCF no cálculo dos coeficientes de resistência (C R ) e sustentação (C S ) resultantes da simulação numérica do fluxo externo da mão e antebraço. Para este efeito, utilizaram-se três modelos bidimensionais de um escoamento em regime permanente. Um modelo frontal (θ=90º, Φ=0º) e dois modelos laterais, um tendo o dedo polegar como bordo de ataque (θ=180º, Φ=0º), e o outro tendo o dedo mindinho como bordo de ataque (θ=0º, Φ=0º). O sistema de resolução de equações utilizado foi o das equações de Navier-Stokes, para fluidos não compressí-veis. Os principais resultados, demonstraram que o C R foi o coeficiente que contribuiu mais para a propulsão, sendo constante para toda a amplitude de velocidades com um valor máxi-mo de 1,16. Com base nestes resultados, podemos concluir que: i) a DCF pode ser considerada uma nova metodologia susceptí-vel de desenvolvimento para o cálculo de forças hidrodinâmicas em Natação (de facto neste estudo não se procedeu à respectiva validação, pelo que não se pode concluir pela sua validade); ii) nos três modelos estudados o C S parece ter uma importância secundária na geração de força propulsiva.Palavras-chave: CFD, modelos de turbulência, hidrodinâmica, sustentação, resistência. ABSTRACT Measurement of swimmer's hand/forearm propulsive forces generation using Computational Fluid Dynamics. Propulsive force generated by swimmers hand/forearm has been studied through experimental tests. However, there are serious doubts as to whether forces quantified with these procedures are accurate enough to be meaningful. The main purpose of the present work was twofold: i) continuing the use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as a new tool in swimming research; ii) apply the CFD method in the calculation of drag and lift coefficients resulting from the numerical resolution equations of the flow around the swimmers hand
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