Objective To compare Eustachian tube ventilation function between cleft palate subjects and normal subjects using sonotubometry. Method A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery of Ciptomangunkusumo National Hospital, Universitas Indonesia, Jakarta, from June 2013 to January 2014.There were 31 subjects with cleft palate and 62 healthy subjects aged ≤18 years, and both groups were matched according to age. Each subject underwent ear, nose, and throat examination with Veau classification and sonotubometry, a new assembly test in Indonesia. The results of the sonotubogram (the number of Eustachian tube openings, amplitude enhancement in dB, and the duration of Eustachian tube opening in ms) were then analyzed with SPSS using chi-square and Mann–Whitney tests. Results Subjects with cleft palate had lower Eustachian tube function than healthy subjects using three sonotubometry parameters ( p < 0.001). The proportion of Eustachian tube dysfunction based on the Veau classification was significant ( p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, several determinant factors of Eustachian tube dysfunction were found, such as adenoid hypertrophy (risk factor6.46), the number of Eustachian tube openings (risk factor 36.21), and higher Veau classification (risk factor 10.41). Conclusion Sonotubometry could be used to assess parameters of Eustachian tube function. Subjects with cleft palate have a higher risk of having Eustachian tube dysfunction, as do subjects with adenoid hypertrophy.

Paddy is the main food crop consumed by most of the Indonesian daily. It is supported by the fact that rice consumption reached up to 1.55 tons in 2018, and Sukabumi Regency is among the five largest rice producer in Indonesia. The goal of this study is to determine the rice crop phenology and estimate rice productivity in one year of the planting season. The rice crop phenology was analyzed by comparing vegetation indices such as NDVI, ARVI, and MSAVI in different temporal situations. Vegetation indices derived from Sentinel-2 imageries via Google Earth Engine. A rice crop productivity model developed from the statistical relationship between in-situ-based productivity data and vegetation indices applied to estimate productivity per each paddy field at a sub-district level. Also, the estimation will be associated with elevation data. The results of this study are the pattern of the rice crop phenology and the number of harvesting time in one year-planting season. The rice productivity in the Cikakak sub-district estimates at the range between 6.50 to 8.87 tonnes per hectare. Estimation models utilizing NDVI and MSAVI are showing similar results, which averagely at 8.89 and 8.87 tonnes per hectare, respectively. Rice fields with high productivity are mostly located at 250 to 500 meters above sea level.