Stream metabolism is a fundamental, integrative indicator of aquatic ecosystem functioning. However, it is not well understood how heterogeneity in physical channel form, particularly in relation to and caused by in‐stream woody debris, regulates stream metabolism in lowland streams. We combined conservative and reactive stream tracers to investigate relationships between patterns in stream channel morphology and hydrological transport (form) and metabolic processes as characterized by ecosystem respiration (function) in a forested lowland stream at baseflow. Stream reach‐scale ecosystem respiration was related to locations (“hotspots”) with a high abundance of woody debris. In contrast, nearly all other measured hydrological and geomorphic variables previously documented or hypothesized to influence stream metabolism did not significantly explain ecosystem respiration. Our results suggest the existence of key differences in physical controls on ecosystem respiration between lowland stream systems (this study) and smaller upland streams (most previous studies) under baseflow conditions. As such, these findings have implications for reactive transport models that predict biogeochemical transformation rates from hydraulic transport parameters, for upscaling frameworks that represent biological stream processes at larger network scales, and for the effective management and restoration of aquatic ecosystems.

Thapsia garganica L. and T. transtagana Brot. are classified as synonymous in Flora Europaea. In the present investigation significant differences between the two taxa with regard to fruit anatomy and phytochemistry are demonstrated and they are considered as two separate species. Microscopic studies revealed a distinct difference in number and position of secretory spaces in the pericarp of fruits from the two species and in addition pronounced differences were found in the presence of thapsigargins, the bioactive constituents of the two species. Quantitative HPLC analyses of thapsigargins were carried out on different plant organs from T. garganica and T. transtagana collected from various locations. Thapsigargin, thapsigargicin, nortrilobolid and thapsivillosin I and J were dominant compounds in all organs of T. garganica whereas none of these compounds could be detected in any organ of T. transtagana. On the contrary, thapsitranstagin and trilobolid were main thapsigargins of T. transtagana. T. garganica may include two chemotypes, as trilobolid was detected in some specimens of T. garganica only. As this is the first time trilobolid has been detected in these two species, it was isolated from both and identified by 1H NMR‐spectroscopy.

Cell cultures from different species of the genus Thapsia (Apiaceae) have been investigated. In one 4-yearold line of T. garganica L. spontaneous somatic embryogenesis up to the globular stage occurred in a suspension culture containing 1 mg l(-1)2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Also callus cultures of this line, previously maintained on a medium containing 1 mg l(-1) 2,4-D, when transferred to various media deprived of 2,4-D, produced somatic embryos that developed into plantlets. Cell culture, embryos and regenerated organs were analysed for their content of thapsigargins. The undifferentiated cell culture did not synthezise thapsigargins, but was found to produce a yet unidentified compound not present in planta. White embryos in the pre-cotyledonary stage did not synthezise thapsigargins either, but when the embryos developed to the cotyledonary stage and became green, the synthesis started. Regenerated roots and shoots also contained thapsigargins.

There are few studies about how social-ecological context is linked to actor perceptions in environmental governance, although it is evident that resource use behavior, participatory processes, rule compliance, and cooperation are influenced by actors’ perceptions. We apply and combine Ostrom’s social-ecological systems framework (SESF) and Bennett’s (2016) perception framework to identify the contextual variables influencing different perceptions in a case study of small-scale fisheries co-management in Costa Rica implementing a marine protected area. Analytically, we use network analysis tools to analyze qualitative interview data in a way that links the two frameworks, and content analysis to provide contexutally meaningful descriptions of those network patterns in practice. Our findings suggest Bennett’s perceptions framework can be expanded and that the SESF is useful to identify how perceptions relate to more social and ecological variables than prior research suggests. Our findings demonstrate the importance of understanding perceptions and context in environmental governance analyses and practice. We conclude with reflections on local policy challenges.