No abstract

At present time uses of pesticides and insecticides are increased day by day and leads to contamination in food web and food chain. Excessive use of pesticides causes severe health problems in animals including microorganisms to human being. As a result of the use of too many pesticides, all the basic necessities of life such as air, water and food had become contaminated. Among various insecticides, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides are derivatives of phosphoric acid and amino carboxylic acid, respectively. These are most commonly used in various fruits and vegetables. The ceaseless utilization of pesticides has made the malicious impacts on environment. Accordingly, various methods have been created by various administrative organizations and research centers and are applied regularly for the measurement and checking of pesticides residues in fruits and vegetables. The current study relates to different extraction and quantification methods used around the world to evaluate organophosphorus and carbamate residues in different fruit and vegetables.

The field experiment conducted to evaluate the relative efficacy of eight biopesticides against gram pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), legume pod borer, Marucavitrata (Geyer) and E. zinkenellainfesting Pigenopea during Kharif season 2010. The population was recorded at different days after spraying of insecticides and it was found that the number of larvae varied non-significantly different from the control in both spray application. Significant effect of biopesticides on percent webbing by M. vitrata, at First spray application showed minimum (32.00/25shoots) in NSKE 5.0 % @ 50 g/lit .The pod borer M. vitrata was found lowest in Spinosad 45%ww @73g.ai/ha (4.50%) , followed by NSKE 5 % (4.81%) and B. bassiana DOR SC @ 1.89gm/lit (5.39%) as compared to control (14.49%). The percent pod damage by H. armigera varied significantly which was minimum (27.84%) in Spinosad 45%ww @73g.ai/ha followed by B. bassiana WP @ 1.5kg/ha (28.58%) and B. bassiana DOR SC @ 1.89gm/lit (28.73%) in comparison to control (51.68%). Grain yield varied from maximum of 1200 kg/ha in Spinosad 45%ww @73g.ai/ha followed by 1191.67 kg/ha in B. bassiana DOR SC @ 1.89gm/lit as compared to 708.33kg/ha in untreated control.