Objective-To confirm the apparent effectiveness of botulinum toxin (BTX) in hemiparetic patients with ankle plantar flexor and foot invertor spasticity. Methods-Twenty three hemiparetic patients with spasticity of the ankle plantar flexors and foot invertors were included in a randomised double blind, placebo controlled study with BTX. Patients were examined on days 0, 30, 90, and 120 and received one injection of BTX and one of placebo in a random order at day 0 and day 90. Results-Patients reported a clear subjective improvement in foot spasticity after BTX (P = 0-0014) but not after placebo. Significant changes were noted in Ashworth scale values for ankle extensors (P < 0.0001) and invertors (P = 0.0002), and for active ankle dorsiflexion (P = 0-0001). Gait velocity was slightly but not significantly (P = 0-0731) improved after BTX injections. The severity of spasticity did not modify treatment efficacy, but BTX was less effective in patients with longer duration of spasticity (P = 0-0081). Conclusion-The efficacy of BTX injections in the treatment of spastic foot suggests that BTX may be particularly useful during the first year after a stroke.

There have been few epidemiological studies of dystonia. Most previous studies have provided estimates based on few cases. A European prevalence study was undertaken to provide more precise rates of dystonia by pooling data from eight European countries. Diagnosed cases were ascertained by adult neurologists with specialist movement disorder (and botulinum toxin) clinics. The crude annual period prevalence rate (1996-1997) for primary dystonia was 152 per million (95% confidence interval 142-162), with focal dystonia having the highest rate of 117 per million (108-126). Prevalence rates for cervical dystonia, blepharospasm and writer's cramp were as follows: 57 (95% confidence interval 51-63), 36 (31-41), and 14 (11-17). The age-adjusted relative rates were significantly higher in women than in men for segmental and focal dystonias with the exception of writer's cramp. Comparing rates between centres demonstrated significant variations for cervical dystonia, blepharospasm and writer's cramp, probably due to methodological differences. Our results provide the first data on the prevalence of primary dystonia and its subtypes across several European countries. Due to under-ascertainment of cases, our rates should be seen as conservative and an under-estimate of the true prevalence of dystonia.

This large cohort of index patients shows that SGCE mutations are primarily found in patients with M-D and to a lesser extent E-M, but are present in only 30% of these patients combined (M-D and E-M).

We reviewed 202 biopsies performed on patients with suspected vasculitic neuropathy, of which 24 Churg-Strauss cases are studied separately. Specimens from the superficial peroneal nerve and peroneus brevis muscle were taken simultaneously by one incision. Without taking into account constitutional signs, systemic involvement was present in 131 patients, whereas the remaining 47 corresponded to non-systemic patients with lesions limited to peripheral nervous system and adjoining muscles. Diagnosis of panarteritis nodosa or microscopic polyangiitis, according to the size of involved vessels, was attested by an infiltration of vessel walls by inflammatory cells associated with fibrinoid necrosis or sclerosis. Microvasculitis was diagnosed when inflammatory infiltration concerned small vessels with few or no smooth-muscle fibers and without any necrosis. Microvasculitis was present in 11 of 46 non-systemic cases, and this predominance is statistically significant. Isolated perivascular cell infiltrates in the epineurium were considered not significant but allowed the diagnosis of 'probable vasculitis' if associated with at least one of the following features: regenerating small vessels, endoneurial purpura, asymmetric nerve fiber loss, and/or asymmetric acute axonal degeneration. Necrotizing vasculitis was visible in 60 cases: in nerve (16 cases), in muscle (19 cases), and both (25 cases). Microvasculitis was present in 25 cases: in nerve (19 cases), muscle (four cases), or both (two cases). Moreover, granulomatous vasculitis was found in the nerve of one non-systemic patient presenting also sarcoid granulomas in muscle. There were 24 'probable vasculitis' and 68 negative cases. Muscle biopsy improved the yield of definite vasculitis by 27%.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TauNuFalpha) blockers are effective in the treatment of inflammatory arthritis but can induce autoimmune disorders including multiple sclerosis. Described are two patients who developed chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy after initiation of anti-TNFalpha treatment.