Problem statement:This study showed the results of an experimental investigation on the strengthening of corrosion damaged reinforced concrete beams with unidirectional cloth glass fiber reinforced polymer (UDCGFRP) laminates. Approach: All the beam specimens 150×250×3000 mm were cast and tested for the present investigation. One beam specimen was neither corroded nor strengthened to serve as a reference. Two beams were corroded to serve as a corroded control. A reinforcement mass loss of approximately 10 and 25% were used to define medium and severe degrees of corrosion. The remaining two beams corroded and strengthened with GFRP. Results: The test parameters included first crack load, first crack deflection, yield load, yield deflection, service load, service deflection, ultimate load and ultimate deflection. Based on the results it was found that GFRP Laminates had beneficial effects even at the corrosion-damaged stage. Conclusion/Recommendations: The UDCGFRP laminated beams showed distinct enhancement in ultimate strength and ductility by 72.37 and 49.49% respectively.

Concrete, after water across the world, the second most broadly utilized material involving 8-10% of all yields of CO2, is predominantly because of cement. This project ultimately aims to determine the potential use of Ferrock as an exceptional replacement for cement in concrete compared with other alternative alternatives. It is a steel-based restraining compound used to form a carbon-negative structure substance utilizing waste material absorbents. The iron residue (an iron business loss) that would end in sites somehow alongside small quantities of limestone, metakaolin, and fly ash is being used to make this an efficient substance. Our research focuses unexpectedly on their commitment to carbon dioxide contamination, energy use, water use, the ecologic impact of ordinary Portland cement and Ferrock (limestone 8%, metakaolin 12%, fly ash 20%, and iron residue 60%). By subtitling concrete with Ferrock in fluctuating proportions of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% in solid, we attempt to find the ideal proportion of substitution, which, along with sustainability, would boost wanted outcomes for both (compressive and divided tensile). In all this proportion, the test result shows 10% is more efficient than others.

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Shrinkage cracking is a common source of distress in concrete structures. In addition to being unsightly, these cracks serve to accelerate other forms of damage in concrete, thereby shortening the service life of structures. One solution to reduce the potential for shrinkage cracking is to incorporate a shrinkage reducing admixture (SRA) in concrete mixtures. SRAs belong to a special type of organic chemicals (i.e., surfactants) that when mixed in water, reduce the surface tension of the liquid, and thereby reduce the magnitude of capillary stresses and shrinkage strains that occur when concrete is losing moisture. Various studies show that SRAs have proven to reduce drying, autogenous, and plastic shrinkage, which has been summarized in this literature. Keywords—Shrinkage Reducing Admixtures, Surfactants, Drying shrinkage, Plastic shrinkage, Autogenous shrinkage.

Medication Appropriate Index (MAI) is used to assess the quality of antibiotic prescribing. The aim of the study to determine the risk factors of obstructive airway disease and to assess the appropriateness of ongoing antibiotic therapy using medication appropriate index criteria. A 6 months study was carried out at Karuna Medical College Chittur. The patient details were collected in a specially designed data entry form and results were statistically analysed using chi square test. During the study period, a total of 202 patients were enrolled. Out of this, 150 (74%) were male patients and 52 (26%) were female patients and Distribution of risk factors, ex-smokers 34 (15%) were more prone to infective exacerbations, followed by smokers 34 (17%), alcoholics 33 (16%), allergies 12 (6%), ex-alcoholics 8 (4%) and patients with both smoking and alcoholism were 10 (5%). The most common problems were seen with indication (68%), duration of therapy (74%), and dose of antibiotic (81%), directions (68%), duplication (64%), effectiveness (75%) and expensiveness (68%). The level of significance was assessed and found to be significant. Males are more affected than females. The cigarette smoking influences the rate of influence of lung function by causing path physiologic changes in airways, including inflammation hyper responsiveness. Using medication appropriate index criteria when comparing inappropriate v/s marginal and inappropriate v/s appropriate both shows high level of significance which imply antibiotic therapy was inappropriate. It is found that inappropriate use of antibiotics will increase the burden of multi-drug resistance. Prescribing under generic name is considered economical and rational