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The term orbital pseudotumor refers to a broad category of non-specific idiopathic inflammations of the orbit. This disease, which may affect any orbital structure, is one of the commonest causes of exophtalmus, occurring with a similar incidence in both sexes. The diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical, radiological and histopathological findings, after careful exclusion of specific systemic and local diseases. Many classification systems have been proposed and a range of therapeutic modalities, including surgery, steroids, immunosuppressive agents, and radiation therapy, have been employed by various authors in heterogeneous series of patients. This slowly proliferating disease, which usually presents with a long clinical history and high variability in clinical manifestations and prognosis, is difficult to manage with any of the available therapeutic options. The difficulties and controversies regarding the diagnostic and therapeutic management of these patients are addressed in an updated review of the literature and exemplified in our case report.

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The results of cytodiagnostical researches on 100 patients, 95 of which affected by lung cancer, are referred. In 64 cases the cytological examination allowed a correct positive diagnosis, in 5 a correct negative one, in 31 a false negativity was observed. The cytodiagnosis was correct in the 72 per cent of the central tumors, in the 68 per cent of the intermediate localizations and only in the 17 per cent of the peripheric ones. Positive diagnoses were more frequent in the washing fluids from bronchi than in sputum. In 44 out of the 95 cancer patients the cytological examination was the only microscopical positive finnding: such an observation underlines the importance of the cytological research in the diagnosis of lung cancer.