This experiment was conducted to study the effect of reproductive disorders on reproductive efficiency and milk production in relation with pro-inflammatory cytokines in dromedary she-camels. Total of 20 late pregnant Maghrabi she-camels, aging 6-9 years, weighing 420-550 kg, and between the second and third parities were divided into two groups. Animals in the first group (n = 12) showed normal reproductive status (G) at parturition, while those in the second one (n = 8) were suffered from reproductive disorders after parturition (G). Results showed that during pre-partum, red blood cells (RBCs) count decreased (P ≤ 0.05), while white blood cells (WBCs), packed cell volume (PCV) value, and neutrophils percentage increased (P ≤ 0.05) in G than in G. Percentages of monocytes, basophils, and eosinophils as well as hemoglobin concentration did not differ significantly (P ≥ 0.05) in G1 and G2. During postpartum period, the same results were noticed in addition to increase (P ≤ 0.05) in eosinophil and decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in basophils percentages. During prepartum period, concentration of total proteins, albumin (AL) and IGF-1decreased (P ≤ 0.05), cholesterol concentration, and activity of AST and ALT were higher (P ≤ 0.05) in G than in G. Globulin (GL), AL: GL ratio, glucose, urea-N, creatinine, and triglyceride concentrations did not differ significantly in G and G. During postpartum period, the same results were noticed with decrease (P ≤ 0.05) in GL and glucose concentrations in G as compared to G. Concentration of all pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, IL-10, and IFN-γ, was higher (P ≤ 0.05) in G than in G at different peri-parturient times. Milk yield, days in milk, protein and lactose percentages, and IgG concentration were higher (P ≤ 0.05) in G than in G. Fat, total solids, solid non-fat, and ash percentages did not show any significant differences between both groups. Reproductive traits, including length of estrous cycle, duration of estrous period, number of services/conception, gestation period, days open, and conception rate, were higher (P < 0.05) in G than in G. From the present study can be concluded that pro-inflammatory cytokines may be a necessary test for the early diagnosis to prevent related disease in dromedary camels suffering from reproductive disorders. This study indicated strong relationship between hematological parameters and concentration of blood biochemicals and cytokines with reproductive efficiency in camels, which may be helpful in elucidating the adverse effects associated with reproductive disorders.

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. Total number of CLs decreased in all treated groups, while CL diameter decreased in G1 as compared to G4 (P<0.05). Estrus/ovulation and higher pregnancy rate of camel could be hormonally induced by CIDR insertion for 10 days and eCG injection on day 8 of CIDR insertion.

This study aimed to determine the effect of management systems (farming and traditional pastoral system) and parity order on milk yield and composition of lactating Maghrebi camel. Total of forty lactating she-camels (Camelus dromedarius), (aging 5-12 years, weighing 370-590 kg, and between the first and eighth parities) were divided into two system groups (Farming and pastoral, 20 in each). Each of farming or pastoral group was divided into four sub groups according to their parity, including 1-2, 3-4, 5-6 and 7-8parities, 5 animals in each. The obtained results revealed that overall mean of udder depth and circumference were higher (P < 0.05) in farm than pastoral system. Udder length showed (P < 0.05) an opposite trend, but udder width was not affected by management system. Overall mean of all udder measurements showed increase (P < 0.05) by advancing parity. Effect of interaction between management system and animal parity on all udder measurements was not significant. Effect of management system on all teat measurements and milk vein diameter was not significant. However, these measurements increased (P < 0.05) by advancing parity. Effect of interaction between management system and animal parity on all teat measurements and milk vein diameter was not significant. Overall mean of IgG, IgM, and IgA concentrations in colostrum of camels did not differ significantly (P < 0.05) under both management systems. Concentration of IgG and IgA increased (P < 0.05), while IgM insignificantly increased by advancing parity. Effect of interaction between management system and parity on immunoglobulin concentrations was not significant. Daily or total milk yield was higher (P < 0.001) under farming more than pastoral system by about 26.12 and 13.41%, respectively. Fat, protein, lactose, total solids and solids not-fat contents attained significantly higher values in milk of farming than in pastoral system. However, ash content showed an opposite (P < 0.001) trend. Daily and total milk yield and its composition significantly increased by advancing parity. The interaction between management system and parity was not significant on milk yields and milk composition. Under pastoral system milk showed significantly higher contents of Na and K and significantly lower P and Mg than farm system. Milk Ca and chlorine contents were not affected by management system. By advancing animal parity, Ca and P contents increased (P < 0.05) up to 7-8 parities, while Na and K increased (P < 0.05) up to 5-6 and 3-4 parities, respectively. Yet, Mg and chlorine contents were not affected significantly by parity. The interaction between management and parity was highly significant (P < 0.001) only on K and P, reflecting different trend of change in K and P contents in camels under farm and pastoral system by advancing parity.This study could be recommended to increase awareness of the nomads about the importance of the effect of feeding system and parity on yield and nutritive value of camel milk produce for human consumption or suckling t...

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