Addition of dexmedetomidine or clonidine to caudal bupivacaine significantly promoted analgesia in children undergoing lower abdominal surgeries with no significant advantage of dexmedetomidine over clonidine and without an increase in incidence of side-effects.

I.v. lidocaine and magnesium improved post-operative analgesia and reduced intraoperative and post-operative opioid requirements in patients undergoing LC. The improvement of quality of recovery might facilitate rapid hospital discharge.

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Shoulder surgery is the second most common orthopedic procedure. 1 It usually results in intense postoperative pain, the control of which may require the use of large doses of opioids. 2 Interscalene block is the standard block for shoulder surgery. It blocks the brachial plexus (BP) thereby providing adequate postoperative analgesia and improving the rehabilitation. However, it results in phrenic nerve block (PrNB) and hemi-diaphragmatic paresis which impairs the respiratory mechanics markedly. 3-8 Unfortunately, patients with limited respiratory reserve, who are at utmost need to bypass opioid-induced respiratory depression, may also not tolerate the PrNB-associated with interscalene block. 2 To preserve the respiratory function in these patients, it was suggested to use either a modified interscalene block or a distal BP block of either cords or branches. [4][5][6][7][8][9] Low volume interscalene block (LVSB), using 5 mL, was reported to provide adequate shoulder analgesia and decrease the PrNB incidence by 50% as compared with a standard block using 20 mL. 4-6 ISO (infraclavicular-subomohyoid) block, a recent single