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Cement is a soft bond material that hardens and acquires its mechanical properties in the presence of water; it is an industrial product that has many uses, including its use in construction, roads, bridges, and others. It is important in our life to know its components. In this study, a laser-induced breakdown spectrometer was used to detect the elements present in a sample of Sudanese mas cement. In this technique, a high-energy laser is applied to the surface of the sample, ionizing the atoms of the material and then evaporating it, and then producing hot plasma on the surface of the sample, and this plasma is analyzed with a spectrometer, and thus the components of the sample can be known. The laser source used in this study is (Nd: YAG). Delay times are one of the factors affecting the intensity of the libs signal, To determine the relationship between laser delay times and LIBS signal intensity, a mas cement sample was irradiated with 32mj laser pulse energy and (200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 1000, 2000) nanoseconds delay times. We observed a decrease in the LIBS signal with increasing laser delay times. For quantitative analysis, the plasma temperature and electron density at (300, 500 and 700) laser delay times at 32mj laser pulse energy were calculated using standard equations and well-resolved spectral lines for Ca in the region of (422.67, 430.25 and 430.774) nm. It has been observed that when the delay time increases, the plasma temperature decreases and the electron density decrease. It was found that the density of electrons is directly proportional to the temperature of the plasma.

The Chaos in the single-mode semiconductor lasers is generated by means of an optoelectronic feedback. Chaotic been generation under selected experimental initial condition of semiconductor laser model with optoelectronics feedback under appropriate conditions. MATLAB packages using to simulate the model behavior of semiconductor laser diodes with optoelectronics feedback. The Chaos in the single-mode semiconductor lasers is generated by means of an optoelectronic feedback. And result generated due to the simulated models. The existence of slow chaotic spiking sequences in the dynamics of a semiconductor laser with an optoelectronic feedback demonstrated experimentally and theoretically.

We present the design and construction evidence of a laser tracking system. This system is consists of an optical part representing by two reflective elements, optoelectronic part( quadrant photodiode detector), and mechanical part The dimensions of these parts as well as the focal length and the radius of tracking region, is achieved.

A selection of one common and commercially available table-top artificial Sweetener in Sudanese Markets (Steviana) was considered. The study showed that , the compositions of the sample ( steviana ) contained sorbitol as a natural low-potency sweetener, and it doesn't contain (Aspartame , Saccharin) as an artificial high-potency sweeteners which they are chemical additives and have hazardous on health . Raman peaks of these compositions were compared with previous studies and analysis, which they were identical with the obtained results. The samples were examined in powder and solvent forms. These samples were irradiated using 6mW Nd-YAG laser with 532 nm ModelHoribaLabRAM HR 3D at room temperature. These spectra provided free Raman fluorescence signatures in identifying the most significant peaks of these sweeteners. The results confirms and indicating excellent potentials of Raman spectroscopy for the assessment of Artificial sweeteners quality.