The use of the rigid endoscope has been evaluated during transsphenoidal microsurgery of 10 pituitary adenomas: three were prolactin-secreting adenomas; five growth hormone (GH)-secreting adenomas; and two without evidence of known endocrine activity. The use of the endoscope allowed close inspection and differentiation between tumour tissue and glandular remains. This resulted in microdissection of the tumour with maximum preservation of pituitary function. The angled view of the telescope helped total gross removal of tumour tissue from the less accessible supra- and para-sella extensions. More cases and a longer period of follow-up are necessary to provide long-term results.

Recurrent nasolacrimal duct obstruction after primary endoscopic DCR is mainly due to reclosure of the nasolacrimal stoma with synechia and fashioning of the small misplaced bony window. Mitomycin C does not increase the success rate of revision endoscopic DCR. It is a safe procedure and may be of value only in patients inaccessible to strict follow-up because it induces a better healing profile in terms of mucosal recovery, wound healing, and less need for debridement sessions.

IntroductionOtomycosis is a subacute or chronic fungal infection of the external auditory canal with some complications involving the middle ear.There are several factors that play important roles in otomycosis infection, such as humidity, moisture, high temperature, the entrance of water into the ear during swimming or sweat secretions, increased use of topical antibiotics, weak immune function, and cleaning of ear wax (1).Molds and yeasts are common in the auditory canals of otomycosis patients. The predominance of thermophile Aspergillus and Candida species are related to the inflammatory processes of the ear. The molds mostly isolated from the ear are Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus nidulans, Aspergillus terreus, Mucor species, and Penicillium species (2).Otomycosis has a worldwide distribution. It is estimated that approximately 25% of the total cases of ear infections are due to fungi, and the disease was more prevalent in warm and humid climates. Otomycosis infection is prevalent in Brazil and constitutes about 30% of the mycotic diseases of the external auditory canal (3). Otomycosis is also frequently seen in Turkey (4). In Egypt, there has been no recent survey on otomycosis epidemiology, risk factors, and complications. The last study recorded was that of Hammad (5) on otomycosis in the El-Minia University hospitals, where he locally diagnosed otomycosis through direct examination by otoscope, and collected 250 otomycotic fungal samples over a 12-month period without any detailed identification studies or new approaches in the treatment with natural products. Materials and methods Study groupMycological analysis was carried out on debris, scrapings, or exudate samples from the auditory canals of 110 patients clinically diagnosed to have otomycosis infection.

The use of the rigid endoscope in the management of posterior choanal atresia represents a significant advancement in choanal surgery. It provides an extremely sharp image with a magnified overview. It enables the surgeon to see the tips of his instruments, so that the bone is removed safely under direct endoscopic vision. It allows assessment of the size of the opening, in comparison to the normal choana. It ensures greater precision in flap preservation. The technique is short in time and safe, with early recovery and short hospitalization.

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