Summary:In this study it is intended to find out the prevalence of Clostridium difficile in modified atmosphere packaged (MAP) minced (n:50) and cubed beef meat samples (n :50); determine the toxin from the isolates and detect the antibiotic susceptibility against metronidazole, vancomycin and clindamycin. C. difficile isolates have been isolated from two (4%) of 50 minced beef meat samples; one (2%) of 50 cubed beef meat samples. All three isolates were confirmed by PCR as C. difficile by the detection of tpi gene. Three out of 5 C. difficile isolates showed toxigenic character, two of them were carried type B (tcdB) toxin genes, one of them harbored type A (tcdA) toxin gene. When antibiotic resistance profile was phenotypically analyzed, only C. difficile type A (tcdA) was found resistant against clindamycin. All isolates were found sensitive to vancomycin and metronidazole. The result of this study demonstrated that C. difficile strains detected in samples of modified atmosphere packaged (MAP) beef meat could be a potential problem to public health.Keywords: Antibiotic resistance, Clostridium difficile, MAP minced-cubed beef meat, mPCR. Modifiye atmosfer paketli (MAP) sığır kıyma ve kuşbaşı et örneklerinde Clostridium difficile ve toksin genlerinin belirlenmesiÖzet: Bu çalışmada konvansiyonel yöntem ve multipleks PCR (mPCR) tekniği ile modifiye atmosfer paketli (MAP) sığır kıyma (n:50) ve kuşbaşı (n:50) örneklerinde Clostridium difficile prevalansı, izolatlardaki toksin gen tipinin belirlenmesi ve metronidazol, vankomisin ve klindamisin antibiyotiklerine karşı duyarlılıklarının tespiti amaçlanmıştır. 50 sığır kıyma örneğinin ikisinde (% 4), 50 sığır kuşbaşı örneğinin birinde (% 2), C. difficile saptanmıştır. Multipleks PCR ile yapılan analizlerde, konvansiyonel yöntemle belirlenen toplam beş izolat ile tpi geninin tespiti ile C. difficile olarak doğrulanmıştır. C. difficile izolatlarının toksin gen varlığı değerlendirildiğinde beş izolatın üçü toksijenik karakterde olup ikisinde C. difficile tip B (tdcB), birinde ise C. difficile tip A (tdcA) toksin geni tespit edilmiştir. Fenotipik antibiyotik direnç profili analizinde klindamisine karşı yalnızca C. difficile tip A (tdcA) toksin genini içeren izolat dirençli bulunurken, tüm izolatlar vankomisine ve metronidazole karşı duyarlı bulunmuştur. Çalışma sonucunda modifiye atmosfer paketli (MAP) et örneklerinde tespit edilen C. difficile'nin halk sağlığı için potansiyel bir tehlike olabileceği ortaya konmuştur. Anahtar sözcükler: Antibiyotik dirençlilik, Clostridium difficile, MAP sığır kıyma ve kuşbaşı, mPCR.

Different types of whey proteins concentrate (WPC) were prepared in Brewaster Dairy pilot plant at Ohio State Univ. USA and used for formulating an infant formula and compared with Alacen 841 (Commercial WPC) as control to select the best WPC preparations which succeed in manufacture of infant formula. Infant formula was prepared with different types of WPC (Alacen 841, UF 5x, UF4x, DF 8x and DF 4x). The ratio of WPC: sodium caseinate was 40: 60. Salt, sucrose, lecithin and vegetable oil were added then homogenized and sterilized after sealing at 121ºC for 6 minute, cooled in an ice bath and stored at room temperature. Samples were analyzed chemically and organoleptically when fresh and after storage at room temperature for three months. Emulsion volume index (EVI), viscosity, protein solubility, sedimentation and particle size were determined before and after sterilization. Results showed that EVI, viscosity, sedimentation and particle size increased after sterilization than before where as protein solubility take an opposite trend. Emulsion volume index, viscosity, sedimentation and particle sizes were increased after storage at room temperature for three months than fresh. Whereas proteins solubility deceased after storage than fresh. Statistical analysis showed high significant difference (α0.05) for emulsion volume index, protein solubility, viscosity, particle size and sedimentation.