— Antibiotic resistance is a global problem of modern medicine. A harbinger of the onset of the postantibiotic era is the complexity and high cost of developing new antibiotics as well as their inefficiency due to the rapidly developing resistance of bacteria. Multidrug resistance (MDR) pumps, involved in the formation of resistance to xenobiotics, the export of toxins, the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, and the formation of biofilms and persistent cells, are the keystone of bacterial protection against antibiotics. MDR pumps are the basis for the nonspecific protection of bacteria, while modification of the drug target, inactivation of the drug, and switching of the target or sequestration of the target is the second specific line of their protection. Thus, the nonspecific protection of bacteria formed by MDR pumps is a barrier that prevents the penetration of antibacterial substances into the cell, which is the main factor determining the resistance of bacteria. Understanding the mechanisms of MDR pumps and a balanced assessment of their contribution to total resistance, as well as to antibiotic sensitivity, will either seriously delay the onset of the postantibiotic era or prevent its onset in the foreseeable future.
The process of compaction of sediments determines the patterns of changes in the properties of rocks of oil and gas bearing sections, primarily their porosity. The porosity of rocks of different lithology varies depending on their depth. The study of the regularities of changes in the porosity of rocks is important for the identification of geological sections, for substantiating the intervals of the existence of reservoirs with intergranular porosity type, for forecasting the properties of support layers by section and for methodological support for the geological interpretation of the materials of geophysical studies of wells. The existing concept of gravitational compaction of sediments doesn't reflect a number of features of this process of rocks in real conditions. The article substantiates the conditions of precipitation formation corresponding to their transition to an initial relatively stable state. The features of precipitation formation in the initial marine and continental conditions, as well as the features of their formation in permafrost strata are substantiated.The general patterns and features of the compaction curves of typical sandstones and clays are considered according to the data of reference wells drilled within the West Siberian oil and gas basin.
Antibiotic resistance is a global problem of modern medicine. A harbinger of the onset of the post-antibiotic era is the complexity and high cost of developing new antibiotics, as well as their ineffi ciency due to the rapidly developing resistance of bacteria. The cornerstone of bacterial protection against antibiotics are multidrug resistance pumps (MDR), which are involved in the formation of resistance to xenobiotics, the export of toxins, the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, the formation of biofilms and persistent cells. MDR pumps are the basis for the nonspecific protection of bacteria, while modification of the drug target, inactivation of the drug, switching of the target or sequestration of the target is the second, specific line of their protection. Thus, the nonspecific protection of bacteria formed by MDR pumps is a barrier that prevents the penetration of antibacterial substances into the cell, which is the main factor determining the resistance of bacteria. Understanding the mechanisms of MDR pumps and a balanced assessment of their contribution to overall resistance, as well as to antibiotic sensitivity, will either seriously delay the onset of the post-antibiotic era, or prevent its onset in the foreseeable future
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