Safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.) is an oilseed crop that is valued as a source of high quality vegetable oil. The genetic diversity of 16 safflower genotypes originated from different geographical regions of Iran and some with exotic origin were evaluated. Eight different seed quality-related traits including fatty acid composition of seed oil (stearic acid, palmitic acid, oleic acid and linoleic acid), the contents of, oil, protein, fiber and ash in its seeds, as well as 20 inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) polymorphic primers were used in this study. Analysis of variance showed significant variation in genotypes for the seed quality-related traits. Based on ISSR markers, a total of 204 bands were amplified and 149 bands (about 70%) of these were polymorphic. Cluster analysis based on either biochemical or molecular markers classified the genotypes into four groups, showing some similarities between molecular and biochemical markers for evaluated genotypes. A logical similarity between the genotype clusters based on molecular data with their geographical origins was observed.
Genetics of agronomic traits in safflower was determined using 6×6 full diallel population. Data were recorded on days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height, primary branches per plant, head diameter, number of heads per plant, number of seeds per head, 1000-seed weight and seed yield per plant. Variance components showed that days to maturity and heads per plant were largely controlled by dominance gene effects, whereas 1000-seed weight, plant height and seeds per head were governed by additive type of gene action. The results also revealed both additive and non-additive types of gene actions for remaining traits. The significant mean squares of reciprocal crosses for days to flowering, head diameter, number of seeds per head, 1000-seed weight and seed yield per plant suggested that maternal inheritance also played an important role in the inheritance of these traits. Significant general combining ability for yield revealed that genetic improvement through accumulation of desirable alleles from parents in the target genotype using appropriate selection methods would be desirable in safflower.
The F 1 and F 2 progenies of eight-parent diallel crosses were used to investigate the mode of inheritance of fatty acids, oil, and protein in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) seeds. The results indicated significant differences among the parents for general (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA). Relatively high narrow-sense heritability was estimated for fatty acids including linoleic (0.84), oleic (0.77), palmitic (0.61), and stearic (0.6) acids. The high narrow-sense heritability and the high ratio of GCA/SCA mean squares for all the fatty acids investigated indicate the important role of additive gene action in controlling these traits. In our experiment, however, low narrow-sense heritability was obtained for oil (0.37) and protein (0.28) contents. Furthermore, the estimates of genetic variance components proposed the importance of non-additive genetic effects that contribute to variation in oil and protein content. The overall results indicated that K 21 9 Mex.22-191 cross could be employed for the production of high oil yielding and high oleic acid safflower lines in breeding programs.
Recently, it has been found that submarine pressure hulls constructed from fiber-reinforced multilayers have great potential to replace classical metallic ring-stiffened pressure hulls. The strength and stability of these structures are the most important functional requirements and should be considered in any design procedure. This study aimed to optimize the strength and buckling stability of elliptical composite deep-submerged pressure hulls using two different filament winding patterns, namely geodesic and planar. The numerical modeling of the pressure hull under hydrostatic was carried out using the Finite Element Method (FEM) in ABAQUS using Python script and a damage model written as a User MATerial (UMAT) Subroutine. Puck failure criterion was chosen for failure prediction. The results suggest that both buckling and static material failure should be considered in the design of a composite pressure hull. Moreover, it was shown that the optimum pressure hull has a geodesic filament winding pattern with a/b (the ratio between two diameters) =1.2 and the winding angle of 45°. Based on the progressive failure criterion, for such an optimum design, failure initiates at an applied load of 28.6 MPa and the pressure hull withstands to 40.3 MPa.
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