Sixty-three isolates belonging to the genus Pseudomonas were isolated from different environmental sources including; soil, water and clinical specimens. Twenty out of them were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and individually screened for pyocyanin production. P. aeruginosa R 1; isolated from rice-cultivated soil and P. aeruginosa U 3 selected from clinical specimen (Urinary tract infection) were the highest pyocyanin producers; pyocyanin production reached 9.3 and 5.9 mg/ml, respectively on synthetic glucose supplemented nutrient medium (GSNB). The identification of both selected strains (P. aeruginosa R 1 and P. aeruginosa U 3) was confirmed by 16S rRNA, the similarity with other strains available in database was 97% (with P. aeruginosa FPVC 14) and 94% (with P. aeruginosa 13.A), respectively. P. aeruginosa R 1 and P. aeruginosa U 3 are accessed at gene bank with accession numbers KM924432 and KM603511, in the same order. Pyocyanin was extracted by standard methods, purified by column chromatography and characterized by UV-Vis absorption, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. The antimicrobial activity of purified pyocyanin against multi-drug resistant microbes was investigated; the efficiency of pyocyanin was more obvious in Gram þve bacteria than GramÀve bacteria and yeast. To reduce the cost of pyocyanin production, a new conventional medium based on cotton seed meal supplemented with peptone was designed. The pyocyanin production of both selected strains P. aeruginosa R 1 and P. aeruginosa U 3 using the new medium is increased by 30.1% and 17.2%, respectively in comparison with synthetic GSNB medium, while the cost of production process is reduced by 56.7%.

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Egg weight and egg component, chemical composition, fatty acids and cholesterol, amino acids and minerals content in conventional eggs (ostrich, duck, hen and quail) were studied. Results indicated that, the ostrich egg had highest egg weight (g), and so had highest percent of weight and shell, while duck eggs showed highest percent of yolk. For chemical composition, Ostrich egg have had more highest moisture, carbohydrates and cholesterol contents, while highest values of protein, lipid and total ash were obtained by duck egg (at wet weight basis). Oleic, palmitic, linoleic, stearic and palmitoleic acids were the major fatty acids in egg yolk of all studied eggs. The hen egg had highest oleic and stearic acid, while duck egg had highest palmitic acid. The highest linoleic acid was obtained by quail egg and the highest palmitoleic acid was found by ostrich egg. Concerning amino acids content, glutamic acid had the highest one in the protein composition followed by aspartic acid and leucine in all studied eggs. The highest values of aspartic and leucine were obtained by hen eggs, while the highest values of glutamic acid were obtained by ostrich egg. Concerning minerals content, the ostrich egg had the highest values of iron content. The duck egg had highest values of sodium, potassium and zinc content, while the highest values of magnesium and phosphorus were obtained by hen eggs. Finally the highest calcium content was obtained by quail eggs.

The biodiversity of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems in Egypt including seas, lakes, and soils with high salinity levels provides rich habitats for flourishing halophilic microorganisms. The present study aims to isolate halophilic bacteria from sixteen samples representing ecosystems with various geographic locations and surveying the mechanisms by which they can tolerate the osmotic stress. Results revealed the highest salinity levels; sodium, chloride, sulfate, magnesium, calcium, and potassium concentrations in water sample of Wadi El-Natroun Lake since the total number of halophilic bacteria was 4.68/g and the largest number of halophilic genera was observed in the northern coast of Matrouh governorate. A total of 60 bacterial isolates selected during (June-October 2015) were screened using thin layer chromatography for osmolyte; ectoine. It has the ability to decrease the harmful effects of high salinity, heating, freezing, drying as well as oxygen radicals and other denaturing agents in halophiles. Quantitative estimation of ectoine by high-performance liquid chromatography showed its yield was ranged between 185 and 700 mg/l. Using biochemical tests and 16s rRNA technology, the most active ectoine-producers were identified as Vibrio sp. CS1 and Salinivibrio costicola SH3. The yielded ectoine was purified using cation exchange chromatography (Dowex 50 WX 8 resin) and its physicochemical properties were investigated using standard methodology. Characterization of purified ectoine via nuclear magnetic resonance and fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed the similarity between bacterial ectoine and the authentic was nearly 99%. .

This study aims to investigate the effect of ginger powder (0.1% and 0.3%w/v) on quality attributes of fresh Mango, guava, and orange nectar. The antimicrobial activity, Physico -chemical properties were evaluated for prepared nectar during storage period up to 12 months. The resulted data indicated that, Vitamin C was significantly increase in prepared orange and mango nectar (22.86mg/100ml, 22.14 mg/100ml, respectively). Poly phenols content showed significant increase between the control samples and all prepared nectar. Flavonoids content increased significantly of 0.3% ginger powder in prepared orange, guava, mango nectar, guava (2.9 mgQE/100ml, 2.03 mgQE/100ml, and 2.21mgQE/100 ml, respectively). All herbs positively inhibited the growth of pathogenic microorganisms with specific emphasis for the ginger powder. The findings of the current study recommend possible use of ginger powder up to 0.3% as natural sources of antioxidants and preservatives to extend the nectar shelf life to provide consumers with save healthy fresh nectar.