The ions of solutions exposed to the propagation of ultrasound in the presence of a magnetic field experience Lorentz force. Their movement gives rise to a local electric current density, which is proportional to the electric conductivity of the medium. In vitro assessment of this current is performed using simple models of biological media. A constant magnetic field of 0.35 T and 500 kHz pulsed ultrasound are used. The sensing electrodes are exposed to neither the pressure wave nor the magnetic field, thus ensuring that the signal is not due to any undesirable electrode effect. The experimental results confirm that the current is proportional to the electrical conductivity of the medium. The changes in the measured current against the width of the measurement chamber show that the electrodes only collect a fraction of the current created within the medium. The magnitude of the measured current is 50nA in a saline solution of 0.5 S/m conductivity. The technique enabled the determination of the conductivity of a porcine blood sample against haematocrit. It is concluded that this type of measurement has the potential to allow the electrical conductivity of a medium to be determined using ultrasound.

The ions in a fluid element oscillating under the effect of a sound wave in the presence of a magnetic field are submitted to Lorentz force. This gives rise to a bulk current density proportional to the medium's electric conductivity. In the present study, the integrality of this interaction current was collected using a pair of plane electrodes located on opposite sides of the sample. A focused transducer produced ultrasound bursts of 10 micros duration, 500 kHz frequency and 1.5 MPa peak pressure. The magnetic field was created by a purpose-built 0.35 T permanent magnet. Wiener inverse filtering was used to retrieve the system response from the recorded waveforms. The final signal was shown to be proportional to the gradient of sigma/rho along ultrasound propagation axis. Electric conductivity, sigma, predominantly controls this parameter since mass density, rho, does not vary in great proportions in biological media. Rectangular blocks of Agar gel and a layered bacon sample were used as models of biological media. The signals obtained in gel blocks had a longitudinal spatial resolution better than 1 mm. The successive layers of the bacon sample were clearly resolved. The advantages of this new modality for tissue characterization include the permeability of body tissue to magnetic field and ultrasound, the harmlessness of the applied fields and the improved spatial resolution in the measurement of a tissue's electric conductivity distribution.

In electrical impedance endotomography (EIE), the impedance measuring electrodes are placed at the centre of the region of interest instead of encircling it, as in usual electrical impedance tomography. EIE has been developed for prostate imaging. The developed mathematical model enables the derivation of analytical equations for electric potential, electric field and sensitivity. This paper focuses on the selection of an optimal current injection method capable of sensing distant points. Experimental measurements were carried out in vitro using an enlarged size, 50 mm diameter, 16-electrode mock-up probe placed in tap water. The collected data enabled the production of images of a circular insulating target, 10 mm in diameter located 100 mm from the axis of the probe. Future work includes extension of sensitivity range, improvement of image reconstruction, design of a multiple frequency hardware system and construction of a real-size, biocompatible impedance probe.

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