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Small overwater structures (SOWS) such as residential docks are common along marine shorelines. Large overwater structures like ferry terminals and commercial piers cast shadows that impair submerged aquatic vegetation and habitat, and alter salmon behaviour and migration. Because of large overwater structure impacts, it is possible that SOWS may also impact marine habitats and organisms. Here, we review the evidence for marine SOWS impacts, finding that relatively little research has been dedicated to the topic. Outside of reducing light and causing well-documented impacts on seagrasses in multiple parts of the world, there is inconsistent or inconclusive evidence for impacts on macroalgae or fish. There is insufficient research on SOWS to draw robust conclusions about these structures’ overall impacts on nearshore environments or how to mediate any possible impacts. Unfortunately, freshwater SOWS or large marine structures are imperfect analogues for inferring marine SOWS impacts. However, we emphasise that an absence of evidence is not evidence for an absence of impacts by SOWS. We outline critical research questions and the relevant study approaches that would address data gaps surrounding SOWS impacts and management.

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