Based on ethnopharmacological information, four different varieties of seeds were obtained from authentic seed suppliers. Ethanol, methanol, acetone, chloroform and petroleum ether seed extracts were assessed for antibacterial activity against wound isolates of Multi Drug Resistant -Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MDR-MRSA). Ethanol, methanol and acetone extracts of Moringa oleifera, Elettaria cardamomum and Tamarindus indica seeds showed more effective anti MRSA activity than Artocarpus heterophyllus. In addition Moringa oleifera seed extracts may have the potential to restore the effectiveness of -lactam antibiotics against MRSA.

The intent of the study is to determine the antimicrobial activity of Lactobacillus producing bacteriocin isolated from raw milk of cattle's like cow, buffalo and goat and to characterize the bacteriocin. Hundred Lactobacillus isolates (50 isolates from cow, 22 isolates from buffalo and 28 isolates from goat) based upon the distinct morphology were isolated from the samples and identified as Lactobacilli according to phenotypic characteristics. Bacteriocin producing organisms were screened by Agar spot assay test. Ten strains were able to produce bacteriocin whose antibacterial activity was analyzed by agar well diffusion assay test against indicator organisms and pathogenic organisms. Bacillus mycoides, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus faecalis, Klebsiella pnuemoniae and Proteus vulgaris were inhibited by the isolates. Bacillus amyloliquifaciens, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, were resistant to the isolates producing antibacterial substances. The antibacterial protein bacteriocin was characterized based on the sensitivity to heat, different pH values, acid neutralization test, sensitivity to chloroform, NaCl and incubation period. Lactobacilli from raw milk samples that inhibited certain pathogenic organisms by producing bacteriocin may be beneficial for a probiotic culture to be triumphant in colonizing and to contend with pathogens.

Production characterization of serratiopeptidase (STP) enzyme by Serratia marcescens was the aim of this study. Serratia marcescens was allowed to grow in Tryptone Yeast Extract Glucose broth culture for the purpose of inducing STP (serrapeptase or serratiopeptidase) enzyme. The optimal conditions for STP production by Serratia marcescens were; 0.5 % substrate(Gelatin) concentration; 24 h incubation period; 32ºC incubation temperature and 6.0 pH ; the best buffer for production of STP enzyme was phosphate buffer. The best broth ingredient was tryptone; An optimum carbon sources was glucose; an optimum nitrogen source for STP enzyme production was tryptone; Valine was the best amino acids for the production of STP enzyme; the utilization of organic acids, acetic, citric, lactic acid decreased STP enzyme production at different concentrations above 3.0%. The STP enzyme was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and dialysis. The enzyme was found to have 52 KDa molecular weight by SDS -PAGE analysis. The STP enzyme activity increased as the increase in enzyme concentration. The data obtained emphasizes the possibility of production and purification of the microbial STP enzyme for application under industrial scale.

Dental caries is a well known major oral health problem in most countries. The multifactorial etiology of the disease includes multiple bacterial species, S. mutans is the main pathogen associated with the disease. Streptococcus mutans is recognized as the main pathogen of dental caries in human beings. One of the important virulence properties of S. mutans is their ability to form biofi lms on tooth surfaces which make them a primary an etiological agent in dental caries. This bacterium allows the colonization of other microorganisms resulting in dental plaque. Recently multi drug resistant species of S. mutans were identifi ed from the dental caries patients against many commercial antibiotics. Several therapeutic agents are available to treat or prevent tooth decay, but none of them showed complete sensitivity and have signifi cantly infl uenced the disease's global burden. Totally, fi fty extracted tooth samples with chronic dental caries were selected for this study. The effectivity of caries was determined by the caries susceptibility test. S. mutans, the predominant cariogens were isolated from dental caries patients. Ten antibiotics (Penicillin-G, Ampicillin, Cefaclor, Tetracycline, Erythromycin, Chloramphenicol, Ciprofl oxacin, Amoxicillin, Vancomycin and Kanamycin) were used for antibiotic susceptibility test, among Ampicillin showed 70% resistant proved against to the strains of S.mutans. The plasmid of the isolates has specifi c antibiotic resistance against antibiotics like ampicillin and it has cell wall breaking capacity. R-plasmid (Resistant plasmid) was obtained from Ampicillin resistant strains of S. mutans from extracted tooth samples of dental caries disease. The molecular weight of the isolates were (KK2, 3 and KK4, 5) 800bp and 700bp respectively.

Lipolytic enzymes from marine microbes have been the focus of intense and growing research. The bioluminescence bacterium Vibrio fischeri was produced lipase enzyme when the medium contained specific substrate. The lipase was purified from the concentrated culture supernatant. The most active fractions were obtained using the technique of precipitation with ammonium sulphate. The precipitated fraction was purified by desalting and ion exchange chromatography. The purified active fraction exhibiting final specific activity of 121U/mg and characterized; the optimum pH was likely between 7 to 8, the optimum temperature was 30°C and about 80 % of activity at 5°C. The enzyme was very stable at the pH 8, at the temperature 30°C. The enzyme was monomeric protein having molecular mass of 57 KDa estimated by native PAGE assay.