Continuous renewable technologies can only be adequate when coupled with efficient nanomaterial based energy storage systems. These gadgets can reliably provide electricity even on overcast days or at night. To power the majority of consumer devices regardless of environmental conditions, the battery business is thriving. Among electrochemical energy storage devices (EESD), lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) have been a popular option for many eras. Even LiBs with a greater energy density (ED) and strong charge-discharge behaviour still have safety, durability problems and are expensive. Thus, various battery technologies, have attracted the attention of scientists all around the globe. However, both main and secondary batteries are used to power numerous electronic equipment. Focus will be placed on optimising battery performance, cost, and mass manufacturing in order to commercialize the batteries. This chapter will explore several battery kinds with different nanomaterials and their characteristics. Extensive details will be provided on the regulating criteria for battery performance, its fundamental design, and the operating principle of energy storage. In addition to diverse electrodes and electrolytes, this chapter provides information on the benefits and downsides of various batteries as well as ideas for future advancements in smart electronics battery systems.