The lower oesophageal high pressure zone (HPZ) was studied in 5 non-refluxing and 3 refluxing Rhesus monkeys. The changes in HPZ and reflux status in response to infusion of various doses of secretin, cholecystokinin and glucagon were measured in all animals, and, in the 5 non-refluxing monkeys, after oesophagogastrectomy with replacement of the lower oesophagus by a stomach tube. All three hormones consistently produced a transient decrease in the HPZ pressure. The only change in response following oesophagagastrectomy and gastric tube replacement was a significant delay in the response to each hormone. Neither hormone infusion nor operation altered gastro-oesophageal reflux status. It appears that lower oesophageal competence in primates is more dependent on the presence of narrow, muscular, intra-abdominal tube than on a specialized segment of the lower oesophagus.
Background: Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer and the second leading cause of death worldwide. Bowel cancer screening helps prevent colon cancer by early detection of polyps, leading to efficient treatment and reduced mortality. Within Qatar, primary health facilities promote bowel screening by using the faecal occult blood test. However, the popularity and use of this test is still low. Aim: The aim of this literature review is to explore barriers related to colorectal cancer bowel screening using the faecal occult blood test in primary health care settings to facilitate colorectal cancer screening in Qatar. Method: Cronin’s five step framework for literature reviews was utilized for this paper. This review included nine articles that were peer-reviewed and published between 2009 and 2019. The nine articles were appraised by using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. This tool has separate criteria to assess the quality of the qualitative, quantitative, and mixed-method studies. Result: Three main barriers to bowel cancer screening included knowledge deficit, personal beliefs and organizational barriers. Conclusion: The main barriers are related to the patients’ lack of knowledge and personal beliefs. Overcoming these barriers is essential to raising awareness about this issue among all nurses, physicians, and patients. It is necessary to involve stakeholders in order to mitigate barriers. Developing educational activities for healthcare professionals will provide information that they can share with patients to encourage screening and decrease the fear of the test. Developing a pamphlet to increase patient awareness will also encourage screening and work toward decreasing fear. Key words: faecal occult blood test, faecal immunochemical test, barriers
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