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We discuss challenges to reducing integrated circuit power consumption by reducing operating voltage, and guidelines for possible solutions via processing technology and circuit design. Migrating from 3-Volt to 2-Volt operation, the key issue is optimizing the processing technology to maintain the performance. At 1 Volt, interfacing low-voltage circuits with standard U 0 becomes the main challenge. To go below 1 Volt, we must re-visit transistor design issues very carefully. 50 a