No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

The second part of the review on lower oxidation states of f elements includes sections devoted to the structure and energy characteristics of electronic shells of these elements, standard potentials of the M 3+ /M 2+ couples, hydration characteristics of bivalent lanthanides and actinides, electronic absorption spectra of f elements in lower oxidation states, and results of studying these elements and their compounds by other methods.