Background & objectives:Number of metastatic lymph nodes has a strong prognostic value in the course of breast cancer treatment, morbidity and mortality. This study was undertaken to determine the association between axillary lymph node metastasis and several variables such as age, tumour size, grade, lymphovascular invasion, oestrogen and progesterone receptor expression and HER2/neu status in patients with breast cancer.Methods:In this study 426 (with complete information on study variables) patients with breast cancer on treatment during March 2010 to December 2013, were analyzed. TNM (tumour node matastasis) staging was evaluated. The histological grading of tumours was done according to modified Bloom-Richardson Grading System. The immunophenotype of the tumour was determined as the expression of oestrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors and HER2/neu status. Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to determine the independent predictors of metastatic lymph node.Results:Among the studied patients, 44.36 per cent (189 of 426) of the patients had nodal metastases. Tumour histology, tumour grade, size and lympho-vascular invasion were related with node positivity. On univariate analysis, age, menopause, hormone receptor status did not relate with the node metastasis. Age, tumour grade, tumour size, lympho-vascular invasion and HER2/neu expression was likely to be associated with the number of lymph node metastasis.Interpretation & conclusions:The lymph node status was associated with clinical stage, tumour grade, tumour histology and HER2/neu status. These factors may be used for better management of such patients.

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Asimetrik bilgi, finansal krizleri açıklayan yaklaşımlardan birisidir. Asimetrik bilgi yaklaşımına göre, kredi veren ve alan arasındaki bilgi asimetrisi finansal krizlerin temel nedenidir. Bilgi asimetrisinin varlığında ekonomiye enjekte edilen kaynaklar etkin olarak kullanılamayan alanlara akar. Bu çalışma, bu yaklaşımdan farklı olarak, finansal piyasalarda düzenleyici-denetleyici otorite ile düzenlenen-denetlenen aktörler arasındaki bilgi farklılığına dikkat çekmektedir. Çalışma, finansal krizlerin önlenememesinin en temel nedeninin bu bilgi asimetrisi olduğunu iddia etmektedir. Çalışmaya göre, düzenleyici otoritenin sahip olduğu eksik bilgi düzeyi, finansal piyasaların krize yol açabilecek riskli faaliyetleri için önlem alınmasını zorlaştırmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, alınan önlemlerin etkinsizliği, 2008’deki gibi, finansal krizlerin tekrarlanmasına neden olmaktadır.