Introduction. Since the appearance of the immune deficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) at the beginning of 1980s, humanity started to understand elementary processes, underlying biology of HIV that enabled to develop safe and efficient treatment methods. Currently HIV therapy includes combined treatment regimen that allows combined drug interaction.Objective. To study the features of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and also drug interaction of specific product groups, affecting human immunodeficiency virus.Materials and methods. Analytical review is based on analysis of literary sources of scientific database (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Сyberleninka) that contains information about peculiarities of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic antiretroviral products’ interaction (ARVP) when used by HIV-infected patients for the period 1995–2022. Results and discussion. The current study enabled to summarize the research results, devoted to the issue of combined ARVP use by HIV-infected patients, and also to identify variants of irrational ARVP combination, caused by increased risk of toxicity with their simultaneous application.Conclusion. Studying the characteristics of each medical product, used in HIV infection therapy, allows to choose optimal pharmacotherapy regimens, taking into account individual patient characteristics, and also to predict and prevent the risk of adverse reactions in the future.

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) is now considered one of the most global pandemics in human history. Despite the use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), HIV-1 infection is often accompanied by the development of CNS disorders, including neurocognitive disorders. The use of etiologic therapy has successfully prevented many of the possible terminal complications of the disease, but as patient survival time increases, the prevalence of cognitive impairment among AIDS patients is increasing. Theclinical manifestations of these disorders can rapidly progress from subtle attention deficits and behavioral disorders to the development of dementia. Diagnosing neurocognitive impairment in HIV-infected patients is usually difficult and requires consistent diagnostic procedures from the clinician, including initial screening and, if necessary, neuropsychiatric testing and neuroimaging. Early diagnosis and correction of neurocognitive impairment in HIV-infected individuals with adequate antiretroviral therapy is essential for successful treatment. The review also considers the use of drugs for the prevention and treatment of neurocognitive impairment, taking into account the peculiarities of persistence of the pathogen in the nervous system and the capabilities of modern medicine. One of the most promising methods of supporting therapy for such disorders is the delivery of antiretroviral drugs using various nanosystems (polymeric nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, nanogels, magnetic particles).

Management of patients with an infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), is accompanied by difficulties of early diagnosis, expensive treatment, and the lack of specific prevention. To date, 32,7 million people worldwide have died due to the HIV epidemic from Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). One of the most important directions, to enable monitoring of viral load and extend the life expectancy of patients with HIV is to have a sufficient number of HIV treatment options available at each stage of the disease, which increases the effectiveness of treatment and allows to avoid and/or minimize the side effects of medication.The objective of this work is to review the various directions in the development of new dosage forms antiretroviral agents based nanosystems (NS) as the drugs hahavereater efficacy for the prevention and treatment of HIV infection.

Currently immunotherapy is becoming a fairly effective approach in the fight against various forms of malignant neoplasms. This is due to the discovery and use in clinical practice immune checkpoint inhibitors, which antitumoral effect is associated with blockage the signaling pathways CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4), PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1), PD-L1 (programmed cell death ligand 1). The physiological role of immune points is to prevent autoimmune tissue damage by suppressing effectors. How- ever, cancer cells have adapted for using this mechanism to avoid elimination by escape mechanisms from immuno- logical surveillance. This gave impetus to the development of drugs that can inhibit checkpoints, enabling the immune system to destroy tumor cells. Actually, 7 drugs have been registered, which can be divided into three groups according to the mechanism of action: CTLA-4 (pilimumab), PD-1 (nivolumab, pembrolizumab, prolgolimab) and PD-L1 (atezoli- zumab, avelumab, durvalumab) inhibitors. The medicine of the first group inhibits the cellular response at the stage of its activation. The mechanism of action of the second and third groups medicines is aimed at blocking the binding of the PD-1 receptor of lymphocytes and monocytes with PD-L1 ligands and vice versa. The use of immune checkpoint inhibitors can lead to the occurrence of immune-mediated adverse reactions, the nature and frequency of which differ depending on the class of inhibitors. In this regard, timely diagnosis and treatment of complications is the key to the success of anticancer therapy.

Background: Motion sickness occurs worldwide in healthy individuals regardless of age, ethnicity, or gender. It is an acute disorder, it can also present as a chronic disorder in some individuals. Motion sickness not only includes vomiting and nausea, besides this, it includes other features such as pallor of varying degrees, cold sweating, headache, drowsiness, increased salivation, and cranial pain which is severe. Some of the other assessment scales can interpret sickness on exposure to virtual or visual stimulation and while travelling in different types of transport. Aim: The aim our research is to study the effect of the drug on the level of blood flow and vascular reactivity of cerebral vessels when simulating changes in cerebral circulation in terrestrial conditions characteristic of hypogravity. Methods: Chronic experiments were performed on non-anesthetized rabbits with large hemispheres, thalamus and hypothalamus were implanted with the needle-platinum electrodes 150 mm in diameter in the cortex, and local blood flow and vascular reactivity were recorded accordingly. Cerebrovascular disturbances were modeled using a MSAOP (motion sickness of animals in the anti-orthostatic position) with an inclined angle of 45 ° for 2 hours. Local blood flow (BF) was measured in ml/min/100 g of tissue by the method of registration of hydrogen clearance. The vasodilator coefficient of reactivity (CrCO2) was calculated by the ratio of BF against the background of inhalation of a mixture of 7% CO2 with air to the initial BF; vasoconstrictor - in relation to BF on the background of inhalation of 100% O2 to the initial BF (CrO2). A series of experiments was carried out with different routes of drug administration: First, inosine was administered intravenously at a dose of 5 mg/kg immediately before the start of SMS modeling, Same dose per oral was administered 30 minutes before the start of exposure. As a control, we used the results of experimental animals under similar conditions without the administration of the drugs. Results: Inosine has pronounced protective properties in cerebrovascular disorders on the background of space motion sickness (SMS) modeling, which is manifested by normalization of BF and restoration of compensatory reactions of cerebral vessels. In the mechanism of cerebroprotective action of inosine, it is able to correct the metabolic processes which plays an important role and helps to increase the compensatory capabilities and functional stability of the cerebrovascular system under gravitational influences. Conclusion: When using inosine per orally, the effects are more pronounced than when administered intravenously, which should be taken into account when using it for the prevention of cerebrovascular disorders in extreme conditions.