Kalanchoe pinnata and Ficus racemosa are naturally occurring plant products that are gaining importance because of their excellent medicinal properties. Determining the toxicity of a plant extract is crucial, based on which the therapeutic dose of extracts can be adjusted. The present study evaluates phytochemical screening and toxicity studies (acute and sub-acute) of the Kalanchoe pinnata and Ficus racemosa plant products. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, steroids, phenols, and glycosides. The acute toxicity study of both the plant extracts was performed in Wistar albino rats at a single dose of 2000mg/kg body weight in both genders. Sub-acute toxicity study was performed in Wistar albino rats (both male and female) for 28 days at various doses of 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg body weight. The evaluation results of the acute toxicity study did not show any signs of toxicity, behavioral changes, mortality, or differences in gross histopathology appearance. The results of the sub-acute toxicity study also showed no changes in body weight, toxic signs, mortality, or behavioral changes. All biochemical and hematological parameters were in normal ranges comparable to the control group's. At the end of the treatment period, all the rats were sacrificed, and the liver and kidneys were sent for histopathological examination. No abnormalities were observed in the treatment groups. The present study concludes that both plant extracts are safe, and the LD50 of both plant extracts was above 2000mg/kg bw.

Cuscuta reflexa Roxb, a rootless, leafless, twining annual parasite with a wide variety of species, is an extensive climber found in temperate and tropical regions. It is widely used in Ayurvedic (traditional medicine native to the Indian subcontinent) medicine to relieve and treat many diseases. There are numerous countries in which it is widely used for treating urination disorders, bilious disorders, diabetic disorders, and inflammatory diseases, including Afghanistan, Malaysia, India, and China. The aim of this study is to demonstrate the anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic properties of the methanolic extract of Cuscuta reflexa Roxburg. A variety of phytoconstituents are found in it, such as alkaloids, tannins, coumarins, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and saponins. These phytoconstituents are screened by various conformation tests. The anti-inflammatory properties were evaluated in vivo in rats using CFAComplete Fruend’s adjuvant induced polyarthritis model. This study shows that methanolic extract at a concentration of 400mg/kg inhibits arthritic activity. This result was compared with the standard drug, prednisolone 5mg/kg. The anti-arthritic activity of Cuscuta reflexa Roxberg was evaluated by considering paw volume, paw thickness and body weight. Visual criteria were used to monitor the morphological features of arthritis such as redness, swelling, erythema. The scores were recorded during these specific days of the project- 1, 4, 10, 14, 17 and 21. The test compound at 200mg/kg doesn’t show any anti-arthritic property, but at the dose of 400mg/kg it proved its significant action to reduce the inflammation and pain induced by complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA). Based on the systemic analysis, the extract maintained normal joint parameters and greatly restored the normal architecture of the joints in animals. Thus, Cuscuta reflexa Roxburg would be an interesting source for antiarthritic activity.

In this study, the methanolic extracts of leaves of Citrus maxima were evaluated for their carminative and antidiarrheal activities. By soxhlet method, the methanolic extract of leaves of Citrus maxima was prepared. Carminative activity of methanolic extract was studied in vitro by acid-base titration technique and antidiarrheal activity was studied in rats by castor oil induced diarrhoea method. The phytochemical screening was done using various chemical tests. Alkaloids, tannins, carbohydrates, flavonoids, terpenoids, amino acids, anthraquinones, glycosides are confirmed to be present in the leaf. Carminative activity of extract was found significantly less with 5mL, when compared with 10mL extract. The antidiarrheal activity observed in the animals treated with 200mg/kg showed significant activity compared with the animals treated with 100mg/kg. The study revealed that carminative activity and antidiarrheal activity of methanolic extract of C. maxima. May be the extract acts on circular and longitudinal intestinal muscle by inhibiting acetylcholine and prostaglandins, which reduces peristaltic movements and prolongs transmit time, reduces fecal volume, increases viscosity and viscous fluid and electrolyte loss. The compound in the extract causes mild irritation resulting in vasodilation of gastrointestinal muscles, thereby relieving cramping and expels gas