Background: Post-hepatectomy liver failure contributes significantly to postoperative mortality after liver resection. The prediction of the individual risk for liver failure is challenging. This review aimed to provide an overview of cytokine and growth factor triggered signaling pathways involved in liver regeneration after resection. Methods: MEDLINE and Cochrane databases were searched without language restrictions for articles from the time of inception of the databases till March 2019. All studies with comparative data on the effect of cytokines and growth factors on liver regeneration in animals and humans were included.Results: Overall 3.353 articles comprising 40 studies involving 1.498 patients and 101 animal studies were identified and met the inclusion criteria. All included trials on humans were retrospective cohort/observational studies. There was substantial heterogeneity across all included studies with respect to the analyzed cytokines and growth factors and the described endpoints.Conclusion: High-level evidence on serial measurements of growth factors and cytokines in blood samples used to predict liver regeneration after resection is still lacking. To address the heterogeneity of patients and potential markers, high throughput serial analyses may offer a method to predict an individual's regenerative potential in the future.

The two-particle stripping reaction 54Fe(3He, p 7)S6Co at E3He= 15.15 MeV was used to investigate the 7-ray transitions and to determine branching ratios, possible spin assignments and mean lifetimes of levels in 56Co up to 5.5 MeV excitation energy. Gamma-rays for both angular correlations and lifetime measurements were observed with a 43 cm 3 Ge(Li) detector in coincidence with proton-groups detected at 0 ~ The level scheme and lifetime values are compared with the predictions of various shell model calculations.

Neutron energy and angular distributions have been studied in coincidence with projectilelike fragments (PF) for quasielastic and deeply inelastic collisions of 160 on 64Ni at 7.5-12 MeV/u bombarding energy. The neutron yield can be explained assuming only two isotropically emitting sources: i) sequential emission from fully accelerated PF and ii) evaporation from fully accelerated targetlike fragments (TF). For Z=6 and Z=8 ejectiles known excited states in 13C and 170 could be identified. For oxygen, this suggests a direct excitation process, n pickup from the target. No significant evidence for preequilibrium neutron emission was found even at the highest bombarding energy. The TF temperatures and neutron multiplicities are consistent with the assumption that thermal equilibrium was reached during the binary reaction.

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