Tolerant - inactive coping may be bad for relatives' health: causality may be inferred but is not yet proved. Certain groups are more at risk of coping in this way. Qualitative data help understand the nature of tolerant - inactive coping and why it occurs despite the view of relatives themselves that it is counter-productive.

Abstract. 1. Immune priming refers to improved protection of the host after a second encounter with the same parasite or pathogen. This phenomenon is similar to that of adaptive immunity in vertebrates.2. There is evidence to suggest that this improved protection can be species/ strain-specific and can protect organisms for a lifetime. These two attributes, along with a biphasic immune response, are essential characteristics of immune priming and form the basis for the effectiveness of resistance to parasites and pathogens.3. This paper considers the effect of immune priming within and across generations, the influence of a heterologous challenge during immune priming and the importance of testing the immune response with natural pathogens.4. The analysis presented takes into account the multifaceted nature of the invertebrate immune response. The lack of evidence suggesting that the bacterial microbiome plays a complementary role in the immune priming outcome is discussed.5. Finally, the cost of immune priming is explored. This is a poorly investigated issue, which could help to explain why there is a paucity of evidence in support of immune priming.

Aims. To explore the structure underlying individual differences in the ways family members cope with drinking or drug problems. Design. Cross‐sectional interview and questionnaire study of a series of family members in two contrasting socio‐cultural groups. Setting. Mexico City and South West England. Participants. Two hundred and seven family members from separate families, three‐quarters women, one‐quarter men, mostly partners or parents. Data. Long semi‐structured interviews; the Coping Questionnaire (CQ). Findings. Factor and subscale analyses of the CQ data and textual analysis of the interview reports were used to test the hypothesis that the underlying structure to coping could be described in terms of eight or nine coherent and distinct ways of coping. Neither form of analysis gave strong support to this hypothesis. Conclusions. It is concluded that the structure of coping can best be described in terms of three broad coping positions: tolerating, engaging and withdrawing. These conclusions challenge some previous assumptions about functional and dysfunctional ways of coping with excessive appetitive behaviour in the family.

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The three Andean states of Mérida, Táchira, and Trujillo in Venezuela produce tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) year-round with a high frequency of virus-like symptoms. Polymerase chain reaction amplification using degenerate primers detected begomoviruses in 18% of leaf samples collected from tomato plants showing virus-like symptoms in commercial fields in these states between 1993 and 1994. A comparison of the sequences of the amplified DNA products revealed a diversity of begomovirus sequences in tomato plants from this region. Partial A component sequences (approximately 1,100 bp) clustered in four groups based on BLAST, GAP, phylogenetic analyses of the nucleic acid sequences, and comparisons of iteron sequences with known begomoviruses. Two groups of sequences were closely related to Potato yellow mosaic virus—Venezuela strain tomato and Tomato Venezuela virus, respectively, begomoviruses previously reported from other Venezuelan states. The other two groups of sequences appear to belong to two new begomovirus species.