A rhotrix is a rhomboidal array of numbers. In many respects, rhotrices are similar to matrices, and matrices, though, are of both even and odd dimensions but only rhotrices of odd dimension are well-known in literature. Even dimensional rhotrix has not been discussed. Therefore, this article introduces rhotrices with even dimension. These rhotrices are a special type of rhotrix where the heart has been extracted. Analysis, examples and some properties of these even-dimensional (heartless) rhotrices are presented and established as algebraic structures, mathematically tractable, and as a contribution to the concept of rhotrix algebra.
The multiplication of higher even-dimensional rhotrices is presented and generalized. The concept of empty rhotrix, and the necessary and sufficient conditions for an even-dimensional rhotrix to be represented over a linear map, are investigated and presented.
Let $(L,\cdot)$ be any loop and let $A(L)$ be a group of automorphisms of $(L,\cdot)$ such that $\alpha$ and $\phi$ are elements of $A(L)$. It is shown that, for all $x,y,z\in L$, the $A(L)$-holomorph $(H,\circ)=H(L)$ of $(L,\cdot)$ is an Osborn loop if and only if $x\alpha (yz\cdot x\phi^{-1})= x\alpha (yx^\lambda\cdot x) \cdot zx\phi^{-1}$. Furthermore, it is shown that for all $x\in L$, $H(L)$ is an Osborn loop if and only if $(L,\cdot)$ is an Osborn loop, $(x\alpha\cdot x^{\rho})x=x\alpha$, $x(x^{\lambda}\cdot x\phi^{-1})=x\phi^{-1}$ and every pair of automorphisms in $A(L)$ is nuclear (i.e. $x\alpha\cdot x^{\rho},x^{\lambda}\cdot x\phi\in N(L,\cdot )$). It is shown that if $H(L)$ is an Osborn loop, then $A(L,\cdot)= \mathcal{P}(L,\cdot)\cap\Lambda(L,\cdot)\cap\Phi(L,\cdot)\cap\Psi(L,\cdot)$ and for any $\alpha\in A(L)$, $\alpha= L_{e\pi}=R^{-1}_{e\varrho}$ for some $\pi\in \Phi(L,\cdot)$ and some $\varrho\in \Psi(L,\cdot)$. Some commutative diagrams are deduced by considering isomorphisms among the various groups of regular bijections (whose intersection is $A(L)$) and the nucleus of $(L,\cdot)$.Comment: 17 pages, 12 figure
The smallest non-associative Osborn loop is of order 16. Attempts in the past to construct higher orders have been very difficult. In this paper, some examples of finite Osborn loops of order 4n, n = 4, 6, 8, 9, 12, 16 and 18 were presented. The orders of certain elements of the examples were considered. The nuclei of two of the examples were also obtained and these were used to establish the classification of these Osborn loops up to isomorphism. Moreover, the central properties of these examples were examined and were all found to be having a trivial center and no non-trivial normal subloop. Therefore, these examples of Osborn loops are simple Osborn loops.
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