Lithiasis is a disease with increasing incidence, may occur in the urinary tract, salivary glands and bile ducts. Genetic susceptibility, diet, low fluid intake, endocrine disorders, infections and other factors can influence the development of the disease and its recurrences. The aim of the study was to reveal the relationship between chemical composition of the stones, lifestyle and dietary habits and the results of laboratory analysis in patients with urinary tract and salivary gland lithiasis. The data of 258 patients with urinary tract and salivary gland lithiasis collected between September 2009 � May 2016 were studied. The subjects were from the Urology and Oral Surgery Hospital, and from the Marmed and Procardia medical units in Tirgu Mures. We evaluated the lifestyle habits using a questionnaire, microscopical examination, size measurement and chemical analysis of the stones were made and we processed the results of urinary strip analysis and sediment. In a subgroup of patients (48 samples) calciuria, phosphaturia, serum uric acid, calcium, phosphate, alkaline phosphatase and parathormone (PTH) levels were determined; in case of pathological values calcitonin measurement and endocrinology consultation were performed. The most frequent composition was the combination of calcium oxalate and phosphate in case of both urinary and salivary gland stones, in several uroliths we detected uric acid/xanthine crystals, rarely cystine and carbonate were found. The incidence of hematuria and leukocyturia exceeded 70%. Excessive calcium intake was observed in the diet of the several patients having calcium oxalate stones. In the subgroup tested for biochemical and hormonal analyses we found increased serum PTH concentration in 20.83% of the patients. Some of the subjects had pathological serum calcium, uric acid and alkaline phosphatase results, or the elimination of minerals in the urine was out of the normal range. We found pathological laboratory results in several patients suffering from lithiasis. Proper diet and medical treatment in many cases could prevent the recurrences of stone formation, but first a complex investigation of the patients is necessary to adapt the treatment plan to individual requirements.

It is estimated that erectile dysfunction (ED) affects more than 150 million people worldwide and this number is expected to double by the year 2025. Vascular component represents the most important etiological cause of erectile dysfunction. ED shares almost all risk factors, such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidaemia and smoking, with arteriosclerosis. Moderate to severe ED is associated with a considerably increased risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). This review was conducted in May 2016, when the PubMed database was searched using the combination of the terms “erectile dysfunction” and “cardiovascular diseases”, “coronary artery diseases” and “risk factors”. In this review, we analyzed the published literature, regarding the predictive role of ED in CVD and the association of ED risk factors with CVD risk factors, aiming to draw particular attention on the role of sexual inquiry of all men to prevent or decrease major cardiovascular events. In conclusion, the early detection of ED can prevent major cardiovascular events with early management of cardiovascular risk and permits to include patients in a risk stratification group. Erectile function should be evaluated using questionnaires in all male patients to prevent and decrease the rates of major cardiovascular events.

Introduction: Prostate cancer is the second most diagnosed cancer in men, after lung cancer. The gold standard procedure in prostate cancer (PCa) diagnosis is the ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) used in solving the bladder outlet obstruction, can have a role in detection of PCa. The aim of this retrospective study is to examine the role of transurethral resection of the prostate in the diagnosis and therapy of prostate cancer. Materials and methods: At the Urology Clinic of Targu Mures we performed a total of 474 TURP over a two year period (2011)(2012)(2013). The patients had a mean age of 71.857 years, and the indications were PCa with bladder outlet obstruction or bladder outlet obstruction with unknown causes but some with suspicion of PCa. Results: In case of 474 patients with TURP performed for bladder outlet obstruction, the histopathology findings were the following: 61 cases with newly diagnosed PCa, some in spite of normal PSA values, 23 cases with already hormone treated prostate cancer, while in 50 cases TURP was preceded by prostate biopsy (in 8 cases with increased PSA and several negative biopsies, we could confirm PCa of the peripheral zone of the prostate). Conclusion: TURP remains the elective surgical therapy of the bladder outlet obstruction, caused by BPH and even prostate cancer. Obtaining a greater volume of prostate tissue can help in the detection of prostate cancer in its early stages, especially in the transitional zone.Keywords: prostate cancer, transurethral resection of the prostate, prostate specific antigen, bladder outlet obstruction, transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy

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Background: The prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer amongst men. An elevated prostate specific antigen (PSA) level can lead to PCa suspition, thus the confirmation has to be a histopathological one. However, not all increased PSA level means prostate cancer. Material and Method: This retrospective study presents the results of 422 ultrasound guided prostate biopsy (PB) performed at the Clinic of Urology Târgu-Mureș, between 2011-2012. Inclusion criteria: patients with at least one negative PB and an elevated value of PSA. Results: In a two year period, from the total of 422 PB (100%), in 179 (42.42%) patients the histopathological result was "negative". In 154 (86%) of cases ultrasound guided biopsies were performed, mostly with an initial 6 core (98-54.74% of patients). Average PSA level was 13.45 ng/ml (0.49-100 ng/ml), the histological findings confirmed PCa in 52.58% cases, normal prostatic tissue in 141 cases (78.77%), atypical small acinar proliferation in 12 patients (6.70%), prostate atrophy in 11 males (6.14%), benign prostatic hyperplasia in 10 cases (5.59%) and prostatitis in 5 cases (2.80%). In 30 cases (16.75%) rebiopsy was performed with a number of 10-12 cores. Conclusions: In order to increase PCa detection we should perform more cores during PB. In "negative" histopathological cases PSA should be monitorised and the biopsy should be repeated after 6 to 8 weeks from the initial biopsy. Patient's compliance plays a vital role in the follow-up of the procedure. Introduction Despite the fact that prostate cancer is mostly a slow-growing cancer, still, thousands of men die of the disease each year and prostate cancer represents at the present moment the second most common cause of cancer death in males [1]. It is well-known that the incidence of prostate cancer increases with age and the highest rates are found in the seventh decade.The early and accurate detection of prostate cancer is critical for the appropriate management of the patients. In the detection of prostate cancer the first line of screening represents digital rectal examination and prostate specific antigen (PSA) determination [2][3][4][5][6][7]. Alone, the digital rectal examination has a low sensitivity and specificity in prostate cancer detection, having about 10% positive predictive value [1,4]. PSA is a kallikrein-like serine-protease, organ specific, produced almost exclusively by the epithelial cells of the prostate gland, it still remains the most used tumor marker for prostate cancer [2]. The standard PSA reference range in men's serum is 0,0-4,0 ng/ml [1]. The positive predictive value of digital rectal examination combined with determined serum PSA is about 30% in prostate cancer detection [1,2].Another useful diagnostic method in the prostate gland evaluation is the transrectal ultrasound of the prostate