The broad applicability of the cross-linking of enzyme aggregates to the effective immobilisation of enzymes is demonstrated and the influence of many parameters on the properties of the resulting CLEAs is determined. The relative simplicity of the operation ideally lends itself to high-throughput methodologies. The aggregation method was improved up to 100% activity yield for any enzyme. For the first time, the physical structures of CLEAs are elucidated.
The effects of several variables on the reactions of fructose and glucose in acidic media have been studied at moderate reaction conditions. Glucose gives rise to the reversible formation of oligosaccharides (reversion products). Fructose was dehydrated into mixtures of hydroxymethylfurfural, levulinic acid, and humines. In addition, substantial reversible dimerisation of fructose occurred in acidic aqueous solutions. The dimerisation equilibrium, which is shifted by a decrease in the water concentration, lowers the concentration of reactive fructose thereby affecting the selectivity of the dehydration process. p-Toluenesulfonic acid proved to be the most effective catalyst for the formation of HMF from fructose. No specific salt effects were found for the hydrochloric acid catalyzed dehydration of fructose. Die Umwandlung von Fructose und Glucose in sauren Medien: Bildung von Hydroxymethylfurfural. Die Wirkungen verschiedener Variablen auf die Reaktionen von Fructose und Glucose in sauren Medien wurden bei maBigen Reaktionsbedingungen untersucht. Glucose fuhrte zur reversiblen Bildung von Ohgosacchariden (Reversionsprodukten). Fructose wurde zu Mischungen von Hydroxymethylfurfural, Laevulinsaure und Huminen dehydratisiert. Zusatzlich trat in betrachtlichem MaBe reversible Dimerisierung von Fructose in sauren wassrigen Losungen auf. Das Dimerisierungsgleichgewicht , welches durch Verringerung der Wasserkonzentration verschoben wird, vermindert die Konzentration an reaktiver Fructose und beeinfluat damit die Selektivitat des Dehydratisierungsprozesses. p-Toluolsulfonsaure envies sich als der wirkungsvollste Katalysator fur die Bildung von HMF aus Fructose. Fur die durch Salzsaure katalysierte Dehydratisierung von Fructose wurde kein spezifischer Salzeffekt gefunden. _______ starchistarke 38 (1986) Nr 3, S. 95-101 starchlstarke 38 (1986) Nr. 3, S . 95-101
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