No abstract

No abstract

The frequency of exfoliated cells with micronuclei (MNC) was used to estimate the genotoxic effect of smokeless tobacco (snuff) on the oral mucosa and to follow the response to the administration of beta-carotene (180 mg/week, given twice weekly in 6 capsules of 30 mg each). The pilot trial was carried out with Inuits in Gjoa Haven, Northwest Territories, Canada. Their traditional diet, which is rich in caribou and seal meat and liver but low in vegetables and fruits, leads to "normal" serum levels of retinol (447 ng/ml in non-users of tobacco and 463 ng/ml in tobacco users) but low levels of beta-carotene (57 ng/ml for non-users of tobacco and 47 ng/ml for users). Prior to the twice-weekly administration of beta-carotene, the frequency of MNC was 1.87% +/- 0.92 (n = 23) in the mucosa of the lower gingival groove where the tobacco was usually kept. It decreased significantly (P less than 0.001) to 0.74% +/- 0.42 following the 10-week oral administration of beta-carotene capsules. The frequency of MNC did not change significantly in the group receiving a placebo and in snuff users who received no treatment over the 10-week trial period. The size and morphological appearance of the typical snuff-related, whitish, wrinkled patches of the mucosa where the tobacco was kept was not affected by the 10-week treatment with beta-carotene. Similarly, no reduction was observed in the frequency of anucleated, exfoliated mucosa cells. Beta-carotene appears to be an efficient inhibitor of MNC in the oral mucosa of snuff users who do not suffer from any vitamin A deficiency and who have "normal" levels of retinol.

Beta-carotene was estimated in exfoliated oral mucosa cells in groups of individuals at various risks for oral cancer. Approximately 4 X 10(6) exfoliated cells were collected from each subject by brushing the oral mucosa. Cell pellets were hydrolyzed with pronase and then with KOH/methanol. Beta-carotene was extracted with hexane, separated by reverse-phase HPLC, and detected at 450 nm. Mean beta-carotene levels in exfoliated cells were 0.08 ng/10(6) cells for 56 heavy consumers of alcoholic beverages (150 g or more per week), 1.36 ng/10(6) cells for 28 Seventh Day Adventists (all abstainers from alcohol, tobacco and meat consumption), 1.39 ng/10(6) cells for 55 lacto-vegetarians of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKC) (abstainers from alcohol and tobacco), and 1.08 ng/10(6) cells for 61 representatives of a "Western" life-style pattern (64% consumed the equivalent of at least one bottle of wine or 7 bottles of beer per week, and all were non-smokers). If the heavy alcohol consumers (males) are matched to non-drinking males of comparable age, the mean beta-carotene values are 0.08 ng versus 1.24 ng/10(6) cells. The possible involvement of the low levels of beta-carotene in the mucosa of heavy alcohol drinkers in increased sensitivity towards the carcinogenic and genotoxic activity of cigarette smoking plus alcohol ingestion is discussed.

No abstract