Lumpy skin disease is a transboundary viral disease that affects cattle and buffaloes. It is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) of genus Capripoxvirus and Poxviridae family. It is now spreading in a rapid pace in many countries especially in South Asia. The primarily noticeable symptoms of the disease include a lump like formation on the outer skin and mucosal membrane of buffaloes and cattle. It is an arthropod vector borne disease. LSD causes high morbidity and low to moderate mortality in the affected herd. It also often causes abortion in pregnant animal and infertility in male. Milk production is also reduced in affected milch animals. Strict quarantine, control of vector population and vaccination are some of the effective precautionary measures to control the ailment. Present mini-review highlighted various risk factors, transmission, clinical signs as well as precautionary measures to control LSD.

Background: In order to find an alternative cryoprotectant for canine semen, different cryoprotectants, as dimethyl sulphoxide and ethylene glycol, dimethyle formamide either alone or in combination with glycerol have been evaluated on pooled semen of different breeds with different opinions. Methods: In the current study the effect of glycerol, DMF and their combination in Tris-citric acid-fructose egg yolk plasma extender on motility, viability, plasma membrane integrity (PMI), acrosome integrity (AI), inner mitochondrial membrane potential (IMMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant enzymes in frozen-thaw semen of pug breed was compared. Result: Values for motility, viability, (PMI), AI were significantly (p less than 0.05) high in TCFEYP-G compared to TCFEYP-DMF and TCFEYP-G+DMF at post thaw. However, HIMMP and MIMMP/MDA were non-significantly (P greater than 0.05) high and low in TCFEYP-G compared to TCFEYP-DMF and TCFEYP- G + DMF at post thaw, respectively. MDA concentration was significantly (p less than 0.05) low in TCFEYP-G compared to TCFEYP-DMF and TCFEYP-G + TCFEYP-DMF extenders. However, H2O2, scavenging capacity of spermatozoa, cryopreserved in TCFEYP-G was significantly (p less than 0.05) higher than in TCFEYP-DMF and TCFEYP-G + TCFEYP-DMF. However, there was no significant (p greater than 0.05) difference in superoxide free radical scavenging activity and nitrite concentration of spermatozoa among the three extenders. Activity of GPX, SOD and Catalase was also significantly (p less than 0.05) higher in TCFEYP-G compared to TCFEYP-DMF and TCFEYP-G+DMF. However, values were reverse for GRE activity. This study concludes that glycerol is a healthier cryoprotectant to protect canine spermatozoa from cryo-injury during freezing-thawing process.