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INTRODUCTIONSuccessful integration of domain ontology types with those of an upper ontology allows for cross-domain reasoning and overall data integration, facilitating progress in life sciences research and health care. BFO 1 , Basic Formal Ontology, and DOLCE 2 , Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering, are two widely used upper ontologies, especially for the development of ontologies in the biomedical sciences. While BFO is based in realism, DOLCE takes perceptual experience into account. For BFO, these axioms are formalized within the Relation Ontology (RO) 3 , which is a part of the collaborative science-based Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) 4 Foundry effort. BFO holds true to realism by attempting to capture what actually exists and occurs in the world, independent of epistemological concerns.This paper provides a comparison of the primitive relations and respective axioms defined for BFO and DOLCE, preceded by a brief discussion of their original treatment in the philosophical literature. Note that BFO uses the terms continuant and occurrent-while DOLCE uses endurant and perdurant-to denote entities that persist and those that happen in time, respectively.

INTRODUCTIONSuccessful integration of domain ontology types with those of an upper ontology allows for cross-domain reasoning and overall data integration, facilitating progress in life sciences research and health care. BFO 1 , Basic Formal Ontology, and DOLCE 2 , Descriptive Ontology for Linguistic and Cognitive Engineering, are two widely used upper ontologies, especially for the development of ontologies in the biomedical sciences. While BFO is based in realism, DOLCE takes perceptual experience into account. For BFO, these axioms are formalized within the Relation Ontology (RO) 3 , which is a part of the collaborative science-based Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) 4 Foundry effort. BFO holds true to realism by attempting to capture what actually exists and occurs in the world, independent of epistemological concerns.This paper provides a comparison of the primitive relations and respective axioms defined for BFO and DOLCE, preceded by a brief discussion of their original treatment in the philosophical literature. Note that BFO uses the terms continuant and occurrent-while DOLCE uses endurant and perdurant-to denote entities that persist and those that happen in time, respectively.

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