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The management of the life cycle of the transport network is one of the main challenges of sustainable mobility. Roads and highways cause significant damage to the ecosystem. Specifically, lighting systems contribute to climate change, energy consumption, and human health effects. In this context, this work proposes the combination of life cycle assessment (LCA) with life cycle costing (LCC) to analyze the eco-efficiency of the life cycle of a road, including evaluation of the relative contribution of the lighting system to the total impact. Four scenarios were included in the model: (S1) high-pressure sodium lamps with ballast powered from the grid; (S2) halogen lamps powered from the grid; (S3) light-emitting diode lamps powered from the grid; and (S4) light-emitting diode lamps powered from a standalone photovoltaic system. The life cycle stages of raw material extraction, construction, use, maintenance, and end of road life were included in the analysis. The results show that scenarios S3 and S1 are the most eco-efficient relative to the less favorable S2 scenario (80% and 74% lower, respectively). Scenarios with the least environmental impact are the most economically viable.

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This research is a two-dimensional analysis of the interaction effect in a group of piles socketed in a rock mass when studying the end-bearing capacity of the group. This problem was extensively studied for deep foundations in soils, but very little is published about foundations in rock. The study was conducted in 2D to establish the basis and criteria to analyze the problem, as well as understand the main factors and failure mechanisms involved when several piles work together in a foundation. The factors included in the analysis are, among others: the parameters of the rock mass, the pile embedment, and the pile separation. The research highlights shaft resistance as one of the key factors in the interaction. It proves that neglecting shaft resistance changes the interaction influence and the failure mechanism which may not be on the safe side. The research includes an analysis of the failure modes of different pile configurations using the discontinuity layout optimization (DLO) method, by taking advantage of the method’s ability to show the wedge configuration at the failure. The minimum and maximum efficiencies are characterized in terms of the pile separation values, thereby proposing a procedure to obtain the absolute minimum efficiency of the group. A second procedure is also presented for the approximate prediction of the bearing capacity of the pile tip, for a group with a particular number of piles and properties, by considering the contribution of the corner piles and the intermediate piles.