The main drawback of drinking water chlorination involves the formation of quite hazardous disinfection by-products (DBPs), represented mainly by halogenated species. Based on the authors’ monitoring data since 2002, the prevalence of chlorine over bromine in the composition of volatile DBPs was shown for the drinking water in Ufa (Russia). However, the situation was completely reversed in the case of semi-volatile DBPs. The principal goal of the present study involved rationalization of the results of the long-term monitoring. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of volatile DBPs. Identification of semi-volatile compounds was carried out with GC-MS, while gas chromatography with an atomic emission detector (GC-AED) was used for their quantification. A significant contribution of oxygen to the composition of semi-volatile compounds proves the decisive role of the dissolved organic matter oxidative destructive processes. Statistical analysis revealed notable linear correlations for trihalomethane and haloacetic acid formation vs. chlorine dose. On the contrary, halogenated semi-volatile products do not demonstrate any correlations with the water quality parameters or chlorine dose. Principal component analysis (PCA) placed them into separate groups. The results allow for proposing that formation of the organohalogenated species involved the fast penetration of bromine into the humic matter molecules and, further, their oxidative destruction by active chlorine.
При оценке надежности и эффективности работы предприятий водопроводно-канализационного хозяйства повышенного внимания требует транспортировка питьевой воды до потребителя из-за возможного ухудшения ее качества при длительном времени транспортирования, а также в тупиковых и локальных застойных зонах распределительных сетей. Выявлено, что значения общехимических показателей в питьевой воде при ее транспортировке достаточно стабильны. Исключение составляют мутность питьевой воды поверхностного водозабора и жесткость питьевой воды инфильтрационного водозабора. Статистические критерии, полученные при обработке многолетних данных (диапазон варьирования концентраций металлов, стандартное отклонение и форма графиков плотности распределения их концентраций), свидетельствуют о большей стабильности состава питьевой воды в сетях по сравнению с водой в резервуаре чистой воды на водозаборах. Близкое к нормальному распределение значений концентраций выбранных показателей говорит об отсутствии значимых случайных факторов, влияющих на качество воды в сетях. Тупиковые и локальные застойные зоны сетей являются уязвимыми для коррозионных процессов, происходящих внутри труб, что подтверждается более высокими значениями индекса Ланжелье для воды, отобранной в этих зонах. В целом питьевая вода поверхностного водозабора характеризуется большим разбросом концентраций компонентов и является более коррозионно-активной по сравнению с водой инфильтрационного водозабора. В воде застойных и тупиковых зон водораспределительных сетей наблюдается увеличение содержания железа, цинка, мутности. Относительно действующих на сегодняшний день нормативов качества воды значения концентраций находятся на стабильном приемлемом уровне во всех точках отбора, что подтверждается диапазоном варьирования концентраций, охватывающим весь период наблюдения (2006–2016 годы). While estimating the reliability and efficiency of water supply and sanitation utilities, transporting drinking water to the consumer requires closer attention due to possible quality deterioration during long transportation time, as well as in dead-end and local stagnant zones of distribution networks. It was revealed that the values of the general chemical indicators in drinking water during its transportation are quite sound. An exception is the turbidity of drinking water from surface water intakes and the hardness of drinking water from infiltration water intakes. Statistical criteria obtained during long-term data processing (the range of variation in metal concentrations, standard deviation and the shape of the density distribution graphs of their concentrations) evidence greater stability in the composition of drinking water in networks compared to water in clean water tanks at water intakes. A close to normal distribution of the concentration values of the selected indicators suggests the absence of significant random factors affecting the quality of water in the networks. Dead ends and local stagnant zones of networks are exposed to corrosion processes occurring inside pipes, which is confirmed by higher values of the Langelier index in water samples from these zones. In general, drinking water from surface water intakes is characterized by a wide scatter in the concentrations of the components and is more corrosive compared to the water from infiltration water intakes. Water in stagnant and dead-end zones of water distribution networks has raised turbidity and contains increased concentrations of iron and zinc. Relative to the current water quality standards, the concentration values were at a stable acceptable level in any sampling point, which is confirmed by the range of variation in concentrations during the whole observation period (2006–2016).
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