Two correlated factors have been identified in the Psychopathy Checklist (PCL), a valid and reliable instrument for the assessment of psychopathy in male prison populations. Factor 1 measures a selfish, remorseless, and exploitative use of others, and Factor 2 measures a chronically unstable and antisocial life-style. We examined the psychometric properties of the factor solutions and a variety of correlates of the two factors. Although the PCL can be considered a homogeneous scale on statistical grounds, the factors have distinct patterns of intercorrelations with other variables. Factor 1 is most closely correlated with the classic clinical description of the psychopathic personality. It is only marginally related to many self-report personality scales, to quality of family background, to criminal behavior, and to diagnoses of antisocial personality disorder (APD). Factor 2 is strongly correlated with these latter variables and with scales related to socialization. We conclude that both factors measure important elements of psychopathy and that assessments based only on the presence of antisocial behavior or on scales related to socialization are inadequate.The concept of psychopathy has long held a prominent position in psychiatry and clinical psychology. There has also been persistent confusion over the most appropriate nomenclature and taxonomy to use in relation to the disorder. This confusion stems in part from psychiatric traditions that differ in the relative importance given to behavior or to personality (Pichot, 1978).Currently, there is little agreement on the most appropriate operational criteria for clinical diagnosis or for research. Indeed, the various clinical-behavioral and self-report procedures in common use differ widely in reliability and validity and clearly are not interchangeable with one another (Hare, 1985a).As a result, there is no assurance that different investigatorsall ostensibly engaged in research on psychopathy-are in fact dealing with the same disorder. For this reason we have developed an explicit and reliable procedure for the assessment of psychopathy in male prison populations, which measures both the antisocial and criminal behaviors and the key personality traits long considered central to the disorder. The Psychopathy Checklist (PCL; Hare, 1980) consists of 22 items, each scored on a 3-point scale on the basis of an extensive interview with an inmate and a thorough review of his institutional files; total scores can range from 0 to 44.' This score represents the degree to which an inmate corresponds to the prototypical description of psychopathy most clearly exemplified in the work of Cleckley (1976; see Hare, 1980, 1985a). The assessment of psychopathy is typically based on PCL total scores. However, a recent analysis of data from six samples of male prison inmates in Canada, the United States, and England (A' = 1,119) revealed that the PCL was composed of two replicable factors that correlated about .5 with one another (Harpur et al., 1988). The items making up the fac...

The revised Psychopathy Checklist (PCL) is a 20-item scale scored from interview and file information. Analyses of data from 5 prison samples (N= 92 5) and 3 forensic psychiatric samples (N= 356) indicate that the revised PCL resembles its 22-item predecessor in all important respects. It has excellent psychometric properties, and it measures 2 correlated factors that were cross-validated both within and between samples. Correlations between the original PCL and the revised version approached unity for both the factors and the full scale. We conclude that the revised PCL measures the same construct as the original and that the PCL is a reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of psychopathy in male forensic populations.

The Psychopathy Checklist (PCL) is a reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of psychopathy in criminal populations. Although it was designed to measure a unitary construct, the instrument has been shown to comprise several factors. To determine whether the PCL contains a factor structure that is stable and replicable, we factor-analyzed data from six samples of male prison inmates (N -1,119) in Canada, the United States, and England. Split-half cross-validation and analysis of congruence coefficients indicated that a two-factor solution could be replicated in all six samples. Factor 1 was denned by core personality traits, including superficiality; habitual lying and manipulation; callousness; and lack of affect, guilt, remorse, and empathy. Factor 2 was denned by a chronically unstable and antisocial lifestyle.The Psychopathy Checklist (PCL; Hare, 1980) consists of 22 behavioral and personality items that are each scored on a 3point scale from interview and file information. Based on the clinical conception of psychopathy best typified by Cleckley's (1976) The Mask of Sanity, the PCL has proven to be a reliable and valid instrument for the assessment of psychopathy in male criminal populations (e.g., Hare, 1985a).Although the PCL was designed to assess a putatively unitary syndrome, studies of male criminals have used factor analysis to identify several factors underlying the items. Hare (1980) extracted five orthogonal principal components that he suggested were theoretically meaningful with respect: to the concept of psychopathy. Peterson (1984) also obtained five orthogonal components that she maintained closely resembled those reported by Hare (1980). Congruence coefficients (Harman, 1976, p. 344) between the two solutions ranged from .50 to .81. Kosson, Nichols, and Newman (1985) extracted six principal components that they suggested resembled those obtained by Hare (1980); however, no statistical comparisons were made. Raine (1985) performed two analyses on his sample of inmates. In the first, he followed Hare's (1980) procedure as closely as possible and obtained seven components; congruence coefficients between the two sets of components ranged from .43 to .91. In the second analysis (which he preferred), Raine used common factor analysis, followed by an oblique transformation of seven factors (although only four were interpreted).

The original Maudsley Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) has been widely used and is considered to be one of the best available self-report instruments for measuring observable obsessive-compulsive problems such as washing and checking. However, it has several limitations and requires updating. Our revision of the MOCI, the Vancouver Obsessional Compulsive Inventory (VOCI), was designed to provide assessment of a range of obsessions, compulsions, avoidance behaviour, and personality characteristics of known or theoretical importance in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The development of the VOCI is described, and we provide evidence of its reliability and validity. Our findings in samples of people with OCD, people with other anxiety disorders or depression, community adults, and undergraduate students suggest that the VOCI is a promising new measure. We anticipate that, like its predecessor, the VOCI will have widespread use in both research and clinical settings.

reliability, internal consistency, comparison of reliability coefficients,