Abstract. Ramlee A, Suhaimi H, Rasdi NW. 2021. Diversity and abundance of plankton in different habitat zonation of Papan River, Lake Kenyir, Malaysia. Biodiversitas 23: 212-221. Lake Kenyir is the largest artificial lake in Malaysia, yet there is limited information regarding the lake’s ecology. This study aimed to determine the diversity and abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton in various habitat ecosystems along the Papan River, Lake Kenyir. Three distinct sampling points were chosen based on the diverse habitat conditions, namely sampling point A (high water current area), sampling point B (shallow and muddy area) and sampling point C (minimum water current area). Samples were collected horizontally using a 30µm plankton net with two distinct towing methods: boat and hand towing to specific areas. The result showed that all sampling points had low chlorophyll-a concentrations ranging between 10 and 20 g/ml, indicating that no algae bloom had occurred. Bacillariophyta were found to have the highest distribution of phytoplankton division in all of the stations (50.96%). The other division discovered was Chlorophyta (29.62%), followed by Charophyta (19.43%). Additionally, 140 individual zooplankton species were discovered across all sampling locations. The phylum Rotifera is the most dominant in terms of species distribution (60.00 %), followed by Arthropoda (31.43%), Ciliophora (7.14%), and Rhizopoda (0.71%). The Shannon diversity index, evenness, and species richness measurements at sampling point A, B, and C revealed a range of index values due to variation in plankton species due to interaction and habitat conditions. The variation in planktonic abundance in the Papan River was attributed to their habitat preferences due to the freshwater lake's ecosystem's different zones and conditions.

In aquaculture, fish larvae regularly need a balanced diet according to the timescale because such diets essential for constant growth and reproduction and can avoid malnutrition. Thus, the use of live food organisms is critical as it will first feed for fish larvae. Studies have shown that zooplankton have more excellent digestibility and are suitable as live prey species for different sizes than other live foods (e.g. rotifer and Artemia). However, zooplankton nutrition still needs to improve to meet the nutritional requirement for fish larvae. Feeding zooplankton with well-nourished microalgae is important as it affects the nutritional value of the zooplankton. Algal growth is related to micronutrients (e.g. nitrogen, phosphorus or selenium) supply in the culture medium and the availability of nutrients affects the quality of the algal. Thus, by enriching the algal diet with micronutrients from the culture media, the nutritional value of zooplankton can be improved. This review focuses on the nutritional value of zooplankton through the manipulation of algal media composition as well as wastewater. The relation between the composition of algal media and nitrogen and phosphorus limitation are also discussed. The review links the microalgae nutrient essential with manipulating algal media composition and the change of zooplankton nutrients.

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Recently, microalgae have been regarded as useful organisms worldwide due to their potential for extensive application in renewable energy, aquaculture, biofuel and pharmaceuticals. Different species of microalgae have drawn significant interest because of their biological and chemical composition, which could potentially be useful in developing new applications in the aquaculture, biofuel and pharmaceutical industries. Furthermore, various culture techniques have been developed based on the species and environmental condition to ensure its mass production. Although microalgae are feasible sources for a successful biological product, limitations and challenges remain, which need to be solved with the innovation of new alternative technology in culturing and producing successful mass cultures. In this review, several current microalgae species production methods will be discussed based on their applications, and biological and chemical compositions, which are influenced by their growth parameters.