Für die Auslegung von Wärmeübertragern mit niedrig berippten Rohren fehlen aussagekräftige Referenzanwendungen in der öffentlichen Literatur. Hier wurde bei der Kondensation von iso-Propanol, iso-Oktan und n-Pentan der äußere Wär-meübergangskoeffizient an horizontalen Glatt-und Rippenrohren aus Stahl experimentell bestimmt. Rippenrohre steigerten den äußeren Wärmeübergangskoeffizient um mindestens den Faktor 3. Theoretische Modelle, die für die Kondensation von Kältemitteln an Rippenrohren aus Kupfer entwickelt wurden, können bei den hier durchgeführten Messungen nur bedingt angewendet werden.
Determination of the Outer Condensation Heat Transfer Coefficient of Pure Fluids on a Horizontal Low-Finned TubeSignificant reference applications for the design of tube heat exchangers with low-finned tubes are missing in the open literature. Here, measurements on a test apparatus for the determination of the outer condensation heat transfer coefficient of iso-propanol, iso-octane and n-pentane on horizontal smooth and low-finned steel tubes were conducted. The enhancement of the outer condensation heat transfer coefficient of the finned tubes reached a value of at least 3. Theoretical models, developed for the condensation of refrigerants on copper tubes, can only be limitedly adopted for these measurements.
Bei der Kondensation an niedrig und eng berippten Rohren ist der äußere Wärmeübergangskoeffizient deutlich höher als bei Glattrohren. Um eine Auslegungsgrundlage für Rohrbündel mit diesen Rohren zu schaffen, wird der globale äußere Wärmeübergangskoeffizient bei der Kondensation von Reinstoffen (iso-Propanol, n-Pentan, iso-Oktan) an einem Rohrbündel aus drei GEWA-K30 Rohren aus Baustahl vermessen. Es zeigt sich, dass die Inundation, im Gegensatz zu Glattrohren, bei Rippenrohren keinen erkennbaren Einfluss auf den äußeren Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten der untersuchten drei Rohrreihen hat.
Examination of the Condensation of Pure Substances on a Horizontal Low-Finned Tube BundleThe heat transfer coefficient for condensation on low-finned tubes is significantly higher than for smooth tubes. In order to create a design basis for heat exchangers with a bundle of these tubes, the global outer heat transfer coefficient for condensation of pure substances (iso-propanol, n-pentane, iso-octane) is measured on a tube bundle of three GEWA-K30 tubes made of steel. With these experiments, it is shown that inundation has, contrarily to smooth tubes, no influence on the outer heat transfer coefficient for low finned tubes for the here measured first three rows.
The diffusion and reaction behaviour of Ti/Pt/Au layer contacts on GaAs(100) substrates deposited and annealed under various conditions are investigated by means of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and Ar‐ion sputter profiling. The formation of the different phases, not directly detectable from the Auger depth profiles, is inferred from the changes in the Auger peak energy. As a main result it is found that these contacts can be stressed up to 400 °C for 30 min in the case of high vacuum annealing without any detectable segregation if a minimum thickness of 50 to 100 nm per metal layer is used. Up to this temperature the combination Ti/Pt/Au prevents the penetration of Au atoms into the active region and the outdiffusion and surface oxidation of the semiconductor components because of their chemical reactivity to the Ti layer.
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