This article is a review of empirical studies on the topic of psychological characteristics that contribute to the incidence of myocardial infarction. Such studies are fragmented and deal mostly with the following categories: mental states, patient’s mental processes, symptoms of mental disorders, behavioral strategies, social factors, etc. The research objective was to analyze the results of empirical studies on the myocardial patients' psychological characteristics. The authors identified difficulties and contradictions in the studies. Diagnostic capabilities of type A proved no longer relevant. An analysis of the contradictions in type D studies suggested that longitudinal studies based on a initially healthy people would prove most effective for further research, as well as detailed meta-analyzes of empirical publications. The role of hostility in the genesis of myocardial infarction proved understudied by domestic scientists. As for anxiety in patients with myocardial infarction, it received enough scientific attention; however, researches do not agree about role in the development of myocardial infarction. To reduce psychological risks during cardiovascular diseases, it is necessary to determine what conditions and factors accelerate or inhibit the onset of myocardial infarction when combined with personal anxiety. The authors propose to use the following samples: 1) patients with a risk of a heart attack; 2) patients after a heart attack; 3) patients past rehabilitation period. The findings indicate promising areas for future research for the prevention of myocardial infarction.

The subject of this research is the anxiety of patients at different stages of genesis of myocardial infarction (MI). It is a proven fact that the high level of anxiety leads to reoccurrence and unfavorable course of disease both, in combination with other factors or regardless of them. However, the influence of separate aspects of anxiety into reoccurrence of MI remains insufficiently studied, which actualizes determination of the components of anxiety at different staged of emergence of this disease. The article presents a comparative analysis and description of the level of manifestation of various components of anxiety among the following empirical groups: 33 persons without myocardial infarction in past medical history, but in the group of risk by its genesis; 29 patients undergoing 2 to 5 days of hospital treatment for recovering after MI; 27 patients that have already received post-hospital therapy after MI. The observational group included 30 technically healthy persons. The following conclusions are formulated: 1) Anxiety components, such as asthenic, phobic, emotional discomfort are vivid among the patients who have survived MI, as well as persons in the risk group. However, an additional longitude research is required for proving the influence of anxiety into the genesis of myocardial infarction. 2) The currently conducted rehabilitation of MI patients reduces the overall level of situational anxiety, practically avoiding such its components that in the future can prompt recurrence of MI. 3) High level of anxiety is characteristic to all IM patients. The recommended programs for prevention and rehabilitation should be focused on long-term reduction of the level of personal anxiety, such as cognitive-behavioral psychotherapy.

The characteristic difficulties in healing and relapse periods determine the need to study the psychological traits in patients with drug addiction. Studies of drug addicts' attitude to disease and death show how much they are aware of the seriousness of their illness and are ready for the rehabilitation process. The purpose of this study is to describe the attitude to disease and death, viewed from the component model a point of view, in patients with drug addiction. The authors compared 47 drug-dependent men (24-45 years old) undergoing rehabilitation to 45 conditionally healthy men (22-46 years old). Questionnaire, testing, associative experiment methods and statistical analysis methods (Mann–Whitney U test, angular transformation test named after Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher, content analysis) were used in the work to process the results. The obtained results allowed to describe the attitude to disease and death at the level of thoughts and judgements (cognitive), emotions and feelings (emotional), actions (behavioural). Based on the results, conclusions were drawn about the activity of psychological defences associated with fear of death due to addiction, poor motivation to seek help with the intensity of experience in relation to one's dependence and ease of returning to it because of these experiences observed in most of the subjects. Thus, the study outlines a peculiar vicious circle with the target of psychotherapeutic work.

По оценкам Всемирной организации здравоохране-ния (ВОЗ) на 2015 год свыше 615 млн человек (около 10 % населения мира) обнаруживали симптомы депрес-сивных и / или тревожных расстройств. Тревожные расстройства влекут за собой глобальные экономиче-ские потери, сравнимые с экономическим бременем де-прессивных расстройств [1]. Однако государственные инвестиции в охрану психического здоровья населения у стран с разным уровнем дохода, как правило, невели-ки и составляют от 1 % до 3 % государственного бюд-жета [2]. Это обуславливает социальную актуальность поиска и выбора наиболее эффективных подходов к кра-ткосрочной психотерапии этих расстройств.Изучение психотерапии тревожных и депрессивных расстройств осуществляется исследователями в следу-ющих направлениях: 1) аспекты применения конкрет-ного вида психотерапии -интегративной [3], когнитив-но-ориентированной [4], когнитивно-поведенческой [5; 6]; 2) выбор психотерапевтических методик, отвеча-ющих особенностям больных разной нозологической принадлежности [3; 7; 8], в том числе больных с хро-ническими расстройствами [9] и не поддающихся лече-нию стандартными видами психотерапии [10]; 3) поиск наиболее эффективных интервенций: сравнение эффек-тивности фармакотерапии и комбинированной терапии [11; 12], оценка эффективности психотерапии и разных её видов [13][14][15], выделение наиболее эффективных психотерапевтических алгоритмов [16][17][18][19], интеграция разных видов психотерапии [9; 20; 21]. Кроме того, ве-дутся исследования взаимовлияния классификации бо-лезней, диагностики и психотерапии расстройств. Так, А. Б. Холмогорова указывает на важную роль исполь-зуемой классификации болезней в выборе и разработке новых методов психотерапии [22], а Р. В. Тукаев и соав-торы очерчивают круг проблем в оценке эффективно-сти психотерапии, связанных с ограничениями диагно-стически-классификационного характера [23]. В этой связи особый интерес представляют усилия по совер-шенствованию классификации DSM-IV, её уточнению для своевременной и точной диагностики расстройств, отразившихся в 25].Целью настоящего исследования является выявление на основе проводимого анализа эффективного метода психотерапии (психологической помощи), применяе-мого при депрессивных и тревожных расстройствах.Аннотация: С целью определения наиболее эффективного вида психотерапии де-прессивных и тревожных расстройств в статье анализируется продуктивность раз-ных психотерапевтических подходов к психологической помощи. Рассматривается место тревожных и депрессивных расстройств в классификации МКБ-10, отме-чается противоречие между теоретическим разделением данных расстройств в МКБ-10 и частой (50 %) коморбидностью данных расстройств в клинической кар-тине болезни, обосновывается выбор одной формы психотерапии для расстройств тревожно-депрессивного спектра. Сделан обзор результатов мета-анализов для клиент-центрированной, психодинамической психотерапии, когнитивно-поведен-ческой психотерапии. Описаны и проанализированы наиболее распространенные подходы к психотерапии расстройств тревожно-депрессивного спектра путе...

The results of modern research show that first-year students, in particular students of medical universities, experience severe stress due to the changed conditions of their life, heavy loads and physiological limitations. The consequences are quite serious, among those a decrease in academic achievement, lowered satisfaction with the educational situation and the chosen profession as a whole, an increase in psycho-emotional stress, the maximum number of expelled students, including expelled at their own free will, falls on the first year. An empirical study will identify problem areas and outline a set of measures to adapt freshmen. The attitude to stress in the context of the subjective approach can be considered through the analysis of interrelated cognitive, emotional and behavioral components. The study was conducted among first-year medical students of various specialties. The results show their extremely negative attitude towards stress. In first-year students' perception, stress is closely related to learning situations and living in a dormitory; they experience negative emotions in stress situations and primarily use avoidance as a coping strategy. We can say that they practically don’t notice the mobilizing possibilities of stress, which raises the question of the need for their psychological support, in particular, training in more adaptive strategies for coping with stress.