The main focus of this study was to investigate the effect of fly ash content on the engineering properties of stabilized soils. To these attempts, two different types of fly ash, inorganic silt and Portland cement were collected. In the laboratory, the fly ash content of 10, 20 and 30%; inorganic silt of 10, 20 and 30% as well as cement content of 10% was used to stabilize soils. Result reveals that Atterberg limit decreases in relation to the increasing of fly ash content in stabilized soil at varying mixing proportions of fly ash content in soil. The different values of compressive strength of stabilized soils obtained from fly ash of different brand cement. In addition, the stabilized soil with cement content showed the highest value of compressive strength, whereas, stabilized soil with inorganic silt provides lowest value. The result reveals that the optimum content of fly ash was 20 and 30% for elephant and seven rings cement, respectively. The soil with organic content of 16% showed highest value of compressive strength, while, soil with organic content of 12.5% showed lowest value. Furthermore, the stabilized soils with fly ash showed comparatively the higher values of compressive strength than that of stabilized soils with inorganic silt content.

Anchors and anchoring system usage techniques are widely used in the world in different fields of civil engineering to resist vertical or horizontal uplift forces or overturning moments acting on the structures, such as transmission towers, sheet piles, retaining walls, deepwater offshore developments, airport hangars, wind loads on tall structures, buoyancy forces on buried underwater pipelines, earthquake, ice forces at different embedment, sizes and shapes [18]. Since the pullout capacity of anchors is greatly influenced by anchor geometry and local soil conditions, many studies have focused on these important factors [16, 17, 19, 20, 22, 35, 51]. However, the settlement behavior of anchor foundations is overlooked by most of the researchers due to the shortcomings of the models to predict the real soil behavior. Furthermore, traditional design approaches are based solely on the peak friction angle (φ p)

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Searching for economical and practical solutions to increase any transport substructure’s protection and stability is critical for ensuring the long-term viability and adequate load-bearing capacity. Piles are increasingly being used as an economical and environmentally sustainable solution to enhance the strength of soft subgrade soils on which embankments are raised. As per the available literature, there are two main strategies used to explain railway embankments’ performance: experimental approaches and numerical simulations on a broad scale. The purpose of this study is to examine the state-of-the-art literature on numerical modeling methods adopted to assess the performance of pile-supported rail embankments subjected to cyclic loading. The paper addresses the main results from various numerical methods to explain the appropriate mechanisms associated with the load deformation response. It also presents the key issues and drawbacks of these numerical methods concerning rail embankment development while outlining the specific shortcomings and research gaps relevant to enhanced future design and analysis.